Coinfection is less commonly observed in individuals around the world, yet it is more common than the single infection. Around 800 million people worldwide are infected with helminths as a result of various diseases. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are chronic, deadly, crippling, and debilitating neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Due to poor hygienic conditions, poverty, and genetic predisposition, those living in endemic areas are more likely to develop both leishmaniasis and filariasis. One of the key challenges in the management of LF/VL coinfection is the development of an effective therapeutic strategy that not only treats the first episode of VL but also prevents LF. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge and data on the relationship between LF and VL coinfection. While reviewing it was apparent that only a few studies relevant to LF/VL coinfections have been reported from southeastern Spain, Sudan, and the Indian subcontinents, highlighting the need for greater research in the most affected areas. We also looked at LF and VL as a single disease and also as a coinfection. Some features of the immune response evolved in mammalian hosts against LF and VL alone or against coinfection are also discussed, including epidemiology, therapeutic regimens, and vaccines. In addition to being potentially useful in clinical research, our findings imply the need for improved diagnostic methodology and therapeutics, which could accelerate the deployment of more specific and effective diagnosis for treatments to lessen the impact of VL/LF coinfections in the population.

合并感染在世界各地的个体中不太常见，但比单一感染更常见。全世界约有 8 亿人因各种疾病而感染蠕虫。淋巴丝虫病 (LF) 和内脏利什曼病 (VL) 是慢性、致命、致残和使人衰弱的被忽视热带病 (NTD)，它们在世界热带和亚热带地区流行。由于卫生条件差、贫困和遗传易感性，生活在流行地区的人更容易患上利什曼病和丝虫病。管理 LF/VL 合并感染的关键挑战之一是制定有效的治疗策略，不仅可以治疗 VL 的第一次发作，还可以预防 LF。然而，缺乏关于 LF 和 VL 合并感染之间关系的知识和数据。在审查过程中，很明显只有少数西班牙东南部、苏丹和印度次大陆报告了与 LF/VL 合并感染相关的研究，这突出表明需要在受影响最严重的地区进行更多研究。我们还将 LF 和 VL 视为单一疾病和合并感染。还讨论了哺乳动物宿主针对单独的 LF 和 VL 或针对共感染的免疫反应的一些特征，包括流行病学、治疗方案和疫苗。除了在临床研究中可能有用外，我们的发现意味着需要改进诊断方法和治疗方法，