Viral diseases cause significant damage to crop yield and quality. While fungi- and bacteria-induced diseases can be controlled by pesticides, no effective approaches are available to control viruses with chemicals as they use the cellular functions of their host for their infection cycle. The conventional method of viral disease control is to use the inherent resistance of plants through breeding. However, the genetic sources of viral resistance are often limited. Recently, genome editing technology enabled the publication of multiple attempts to artificially induce new resistance types by manipulating host factors necessary for viral infection. In this review, we first outline the two major (R gene-mediated and RNA silencing) viral resistance mechanisms in plants. We also explain the phenomenon of mutations of host factors to function as recessive resistance genes, taking the eIF4E genes as examples. We then focus on a new type of virus resistance that has been repeatedly reported recently due to the widespread use of genome editing technology in plants, facilitating the specific knockdown of host factors. Here, we show that (1) an in-frame mutation of host factors necessary to confer viral resistance, sometimes resulting in resistance to different viruses and that (2) certain host factors exhibit antiviral resistance and viral-supporting (proviral) properties. A detailed understanding of the host factor functions would enable the development of strategies for the induction of a new type of viral resistance, taking into account the provision of a broad resistance spectrum and the suppression of the appearance of resistance-breaking strains.

中文翻译：

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基于对植物病毒与宿主植物之间分子相互作用的理解的抗性诱导


病毒性疾病对作物产量和品质造成严重损害。虽然真菌和细菌引起的疾病可以通过农药控制，但没有有效的方法可以用化学物质控制病毒，因为它们利用宿主的细胞功能进行感染周期。病毒病防治的常规方法是通过育种利用植物固有的抗性。然而，病毒抗性的遗传来源往往是有限的。最近，基因组编辑技术使得通过操纵病毒感染所需的宿主因子来人为诱导新的抗性类型的多项尝试得以发表。在这篇综述中，我们首先概述了植物中两种主要的病毒抗性机制（R 基因介导的和 RNA 沉默）。我们还以eIF4E基因为例解释了宿主因子突变作为隐性抗性基因的现象。然后，我们关注最近多次报道的新型病毒抗性，这是由于基因组编辑技术在植物中的广泛使用，促进了宿主因子的特异性敲除。在这里，我们表明（1）赋予病毒抗性所必需的宿主因子的框内突变，有时会导致对不同病毒的抗性，并且（2）某些宿主因子表现出抗病毒抗性和病毒支持（原病毒）特性。对宿主因子功能的详细了解将有助于制定诱导新型病毒抗性的策略，同时考虑到提供广泛的抗性谱和抑制抗性破坏菌株的出现。