In human subcutaneous adipose tissue, the superficial fascia distinguishes superficial and deep microenvironments showing extensions called retinacula cutis. The superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue has been described as hyperplastic and the deep subcutaneous adipose tissue as inflammatory. However, few studies have described stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) content and adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) behavior derived from superficial and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue. In this study, we analyzed a third conjunctive microenvironment: the retinacula cutis superficialis derived from superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue. The samples of abdominal human subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained during plastic aesthetic surgery in France (Declaration DC-2008-162) and Brazil (Protocol 145/09). The SVF content was characterized in situ by immunofluorescence and ex vivo by flow cytometry revealing a high content of pre-adipocytes rather in superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue microenvironment. Adipogenic assays revealed higher percentage of lipid accumulation area in ASCs from superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue compared with retinacula cutis superficialis (p < 0.0001) and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.0001). The high adipogenic potential of superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue was corroborated by an up-regulation of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4) compared with retinacula cutis superficialis (p < 0.0001) and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.0001) and of C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha) compared with retinacula cutis superficialis (p < 0.0001) and deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (p < 0.0001) microenvironments. Curiously, ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis showed a higher level of adiponectin receptor gene compared with superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (p = 0.0409), widely known as an anti-inflammatory hormone. Non-induced ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis showed higher secretion of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), compared with superficial (p = 0.0485) and deep (p = 0.0112) subcutaneous adipose tissue and with adipogenic-induced ASCs from superficial (p = 0.0175) and deep (p = 0.0328) subcutaneous adipose tissue. Furthermore, ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis showed higher secretion of Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) compared with non-induced (p = 0.0029) and induced (p = 0.0089) superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue. This study highlights the contribution to ASCs from retinacula cutis superficialis in their angiogenic property previously described for the whole superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue besides supporting its adipogenic potential for superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue.

中文翻译：

---

源自人类皮下脂肪组织的新型结缔组织微环境有助于其表层的生理学

在人类皮下脂肪组织中，浅筋膜区分表层和深层微环境，显示出称为皮肤支持带的延伸。浅表皮下脂肪组织被描述为增生性，深层皮下脂肪组织被描述为炎症。然而，很少有研究描述源自浅表和深部皮下脂肪组织的基质血管成分 (SVF) 含量和脂肪来源的基质/干细胞 (ASC) 行为。在这项研究中，我们分析了第三种结合微环境：源自浅表皮下脂肪组织的表皮支持带。腹部人体皮下脂肪组织样本是在法国（DC-2008-162 声明）和巴西（145/09 号协议）的整形美容手术中获得的。SVF 含量通过免疫荧光原位表征，通过流式细胞术离体表征，揭示了高含量的前脂肪细胞，而不是浅表皮下脂肪组织微环境。脂肪生成分析显示，与浅层皮肤支持带 (p < 0.0001) 和深层皮下脂肪组织 (p < 0.0001) 相比，来自浅表皮下脂肪组织的 ASC 中脂质积累区域的百分比更高。与表皮支持带 (p < 0.0001) 和深层皮下脂肪组织 (p < 0.0001) 和 C/ EBPα（CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白α）与表皮支持带（p < 0. 0001) 和深层皮下脂肪组织 (p < 0.0001) 微环境。奇怪的是，与浅表皮下脂肪组织（p = 0.0409）相比，浅层皮肤支持带的 ASC 显示出更高水平的脂联素受体基因，后者被广泛称为抗炎激素。与表层 (p = 0.0485) 和深层 (p = 0.0112) 皮下脂肪组织以及来自表层 (p = 0.0175) 和深层 (p = 0.0328) 皮下脂肪组织。此外，与非诱导（p = 0.0029）和诱导（p = 0.0089）浅表皮下脂肪组织相比，来自表皮支持带的 ASC 显示出更高的趋化因子（C-C 基序）配体 5（CCL5）分泌。