This review focuses on recently developed printable biomaterials for bone and mineralized tissue engineering. 3D printing or bioprinting is an advanced technology to design and fabricate complex functional 3D scaffolds, mimicking native tissue for in vivo applications. We categorized the biomaterials into two main classes: 3D printing and bioprinting. Various biomaterials, including natural, synthetic biopolymers and their composites, have been studied. Biomaterial inks or bioinks used for bone and mineralized tissue regeneration include hydrogels loaded with minerals or bioceramics, cells, and growth factors. In 3D printing, the scaffold is created by acellular biomaterials (biomaterial inks), while in 3D bioprinting, cell-laden hydrogels (bioinks) are used. Two main classes of bioceramics, including bioactive and bioinert ceramics, are reviewed. Bioceramics incorporation provides osteoconductive properties and induces bone formation. Each biopolymer and mineral have its advantages and limitations. Each component of these composite biomaterials provides specific properties, and their combination can ameliorate the mechanical properties, bioactivity, or biological integration of the 3D printed scaffold. Present challenges and future approaches to address them are also discussed.

这篇综述的重点是最近开发的用于骨和矿化组织工程的可打印生物材料。3D 打印或生物打印是一种先进的技术，用于设计和制造复杂的功能性 3D 支架，在体内模拟天然组织应用程序。我们将生物材料分为两大类：3D 打印和生物打印。已经研究了各种生物材料，包括天然、合成生物聚合物及其复合材料。用于骨骼和矿化组织再生的生物材料墨水或生物墨水包括装载有矿物质或生物陶瓷、细胞和生长因子的水凝胶。在 3D 打印中，支架由非细胞生物材料（生物材料墨水）制成，而在 3D 生物打印中，则使用载有细胞的水凝胶（生物墨水）。综述了两大类生物陶瓷，包括生物活性陶瓷和生物惰性陶瓷。生物陶瓷掺入提供骨传导特性并诱导骨形成。每种生物聚合物和矿物质都有其优点和局限性。这些复合生物材料的每个成分都具有特定的特性，它们的组合可以改善 3D 打印支架的机械性能、生物活性或生物整合。还讨论了当前的挑战和解决这些挑战的未来方法。