ABSTRACT

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now understood to be ubiquitous mediators of cellular communication. In this review, we suggest that EVs have evolved into a highly regulated system of communication with complex functions including export of wastes, toxins and nutrients, targeted delivery of immune effectors and vectors of RNA silencing. Eukaryotic EVs come in different shapes and sizes and have been classified according to their biogenesis and size distributions. Small EVs (or exosomes) are released through fusion of endosome-derived multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Medium EVs (or microvesicles) bud off the plasma membrane as a form of exocytosis. Finally, large EVs (or apoptotic bodies) are produced as a result of the apoptotic process. This review considers EV secretion and uptake in four eukaryotic kingdoms, three of which produce cell walls. The impacts cell walls have on EVs in plants and fungi are discussed, as are roles of fungal EVs in virulence. Contributions of plant EVs to development and innate immunity are presented. Compelling cases are sporophytic self-incompatibility and cellular invasion by haustorium-forming filamentous pathogens. The involvement of EVs in all of these eukaryotic processes is reconciled considering their evolutionary history.

中文翻译：

---

沟通是关键：在动植物宿主-微生物相互作用过程中，细胞外囊泡作为感染和防御的介质

摘要

细胞外囊泡 (EV) 现在被认为是无处不在的细胞通讯介质。在这篇综述中，我们认为 EV 已经演变成一个高度规范的通信系统，具有复杂的功能，包括废物、毒素和营养物质的输出、免疫效应物的靶向传递和 RNA 沉默的载体。真核 EV 有不同的形状和大小，并根据它们的生物发生和大小分布进行分类。小 EV（或外泌体）通过内体衍生的多泡体与质膜的融合而释放。中等 EV（或微泡）以胞吐作用的形式从质膜上萌芽。最后，作为凋亡过程的结果，会产生大型 EV（或凋亡小体）。这篇综述考虑了四个真核生物界的 EV 分泌和摄取，其中三个产生细胞壁。讨论了细胞壁对植物和真菌中 EV 的影响，以及真菌 EV 在毒力中的作用。介绍了植物 EV 对发育和先天免疫的贡献。令人信服的案例是孢子体的自交不亲和性和形成吸器的丝状病原体的细胞入侵。考虑到它们的进化历史，EV 参与所有这些真核过程是协调一致的。