Human pathogens belonging to the Alphavirus genus, in the Togaviridae family, are transmitted primarily by mosquitoes. The signs and symptoms associated with these viruses include fever and polyarthralgia, defined as joint pain and inflammation, as well as encephalitis. In the last decade, our understanding of the interactions between members of the alphavirus genus and the human host has increased due to the re-appearance of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Asia and Europe, as well as its emergence in the Americas. Alphaviruses affect host immunity through cytokines and the interferon response. Understanding alphavirus interactions with both the innate immune system as well as the various cells in the adaptive immune systems is critical to developing effective therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the latest research on alphavirus-host cell interactions, underlying infection mechanisms, and possible treatments.

中文翻译：

---

甲病毒：宿主发病机制、免疫反应以及疫苗和治疗更新

属于甲病毒属的人类病原体，属于披膜病毒科家庭，主要通过蚊子传播。与这些病毒相关的体征和症状包括发烧和多关节痛，定义为关节疼痛和炎症，以及脑炎。在过去十年中，由于基孔肯雅病毒 (CHIKV) 在亚洲和欧洲的重新出现以及在美洲的出现，我们对甲病毒属成员与人类宿主之间相互作用的了解有所增加。甲病毒通过细胞因子和干扰素反应影响宿主免疫。了解甲病毒与先天免疫系统以及适应性免疫系统中的各种细胞的相互作用对于开发有效的治疗方法至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们总结了关于甲病毒 - 宿主细胞相互作用、潜在感染机制、