This study examines the effects of national and cosmopolitan self-identity on xenophobic attitudes across 33 countries with a multilevel analysis of data from the National Identity Module III of the International Social Survey Programme. Of primary interest is how country contexts are intertwined with the sense of national belonging to predict individuals’ anti-immigrant attitudes. The study finds that individuals with a stronger ethnicity-based national identity tend to evidence stronger xenophobia. Net of the individual-level effect of ethnic national identity, citizens of countries with a higher average of ethnic national identity also tend to be more xenophobic. Interestingly, the link between ethnic national identity and xenophobia is stronger in countries where this perspective is not shared as strongly. In the seemingly more ‘open’ country context, individuals’ belief in the requirement of ancestral roots for national membership may entail stronger exclusivism as a fringe ideology.

本研究通过对国际社会调查计划的国家认同模块 III 中的数据进行多层次分析，研究了民族和世界性自我认同对 33 个国家的仇外态度的影响。主要兴趣是国家背景如何与国家归属感交织在一起，以预测个人的反移民态度。该研究发现，具有更强种族民族认同感的个人往往表现出更强的仇外心理。除去民族认同的个人层面效应，民族认同平均水平较高的国家的公民也往往更加仇外。有趣的是，在这种观点不那么强烈的国家中，民族认同与仇外心理之间的联系更为紧密。