Quantification of groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) interactions is crucial for effective water resource allocation and management. Immense progress has been made in the past few decades to address the different aspects of GW–SW exchanges. These have resulted in a large volume of literature. This work reviews in detail the mechanism of interaction and the applications of different field and modelling techniques. The review of flux quantification methods identifies the streambed and the aquifer beneath as two major components affecting the interactions. It is observed that the streambed is highly idealised in modelling studies, and the significance of aquifer properties in the flux quantification is found to be less emphasised. Therefore, attempts are made to highlight the potential significance of both streambed and the aquifer properties through a 2D numerical experiment. Using a superimposed GW–SW system and appropriately grouping the system parameters (as hydraulic and geometric), the experiment shows that the aquifer properties can dominate exchanging flux under certain conditions, e.g., at higher streambed conductance. The work provides suggestions to modify the widely used Darcy’s approach to include aquifer properties.

地下水 (GW) 和地表水 (SW) 相互作用的量化对于有效的水资源分配和管理至关重要。在过去的几十年里，在解决 GW-SW 交换的不同方面取得了巨大的进步。这些都导致了大量的文献。这项工作详细回顾了相互作用的机制以及不同领域和建模技术的应用。通量量化方法的审查将河床和下方的含水层确定为影响相互作用的两个主要组成部分。据观察，在建模研究中，河床是高度理想化的，而含水层特性在通量量化中的重要性被发现较少强调。所以，尝试通过二维数值实验强调河床和含水层特性的潜在重要性。使用叠加的 GW-SW 系统并对系统参数（如水力和几何参数）进行适当分组，实验表明含水层特性可以在某些条件下支配交换通量，例如在较高的河床传导率下。这项工作提供了修改广泛使用的达西方法以包括含水层特性的建议。