Although considered one of the major energy-intensive industries (EIIs), the pulp and paper industry has also the potential for energy production from an industrial waste, black liquor. This study proposes black liquor gasification (BLG) coupled with calcium looping (CaL) as a CO₂ capture route for the pulp and paper industry. BLG with H₂ production (BLG-CaL-H₂), BLG with gas turbine combined cycle (BLG-CaL-GT) or with solid oxide fuel cell (BLG-CaL-SOFC) were considered. The dependence of carbon capture and storage (CCS) cost on the natural gas, limestone, electricity imported and H₂ sale prices aside the expenditures related with BLG-CaL were evaluated. The CCS route, based on CaL retrofitted to the pulp and paper plant, was found to have a lower cost of CO₂ avoided (39.0 €/tCO₂) when compared with BLG-CaL (48.8–57.1 €/tCO₂). Between the BLG-CaL scenarios, BLG-CaL-H₂ presented the lowest cost of CO₂ avoided (48.8 €/tCO₂) but the highest energy penalty. Based on the thermodynamic performance, it was shown that CaL retrofit and BLG-CaL-SOFC presented the best overall performance, turning the electricity importer reference plant into electricity exporter. The economic sensitivity showed that the capital requirement of BLG-CaL has a strong effect on the cost of CO₂ avoided for all alternatives. The H₂ production is also strongly affected by the H₂ sale price while BLG-CaL-SOFC and BLG-CaL-GT are strongly dependent on natural gas price.

虽然被认为是主要的能源密集型行业 (EII) 之一，但纸浆和造纸行业也具有利用工业废物黑液生产能源的潜力。本研究建议将黑液气化 (BLG) 与钙循环 (CaL) 结合作为纸浆和造纸行业的 CO ₂捕获路线。考虑了具有 H ₂生产 (BLG-CaL-H ₂ ) 的 BLG、具有燃气轮机联合循环 (BLG-CaL-GT) 或固体氧化物燃料电池 (BLG-CaL-SOFC) 的 BLG。碳捕集与封存 (CCS) 成本对天然气、石灰石、电力进口和 H ₂的依赖除了与 BLG-CaL 相关的支出外，还评估了销售价格。与 BLG-CaL（48.8-57.1 欧元/吨CO ₂）相比，基于对制浆造纸厂进行改造的 CaL 的 CCS 路线被发现具有更低的 CO ₂避免成本（39.0 €/tCO ₂）。在 BLG-CaL 方案之间，BLG-CaL-H ₂的 CO ₂避免成本最低（48.8 €/tCO ₂），但能量损失最高。基于热力学性能，表明CaL改造和BLG-CaL-SOFC表现出最佳的综合性能，将电力进口参考厂变成电力出口国。经济敏感性表明 BLG-CaL 的资本需求对 CO 成本有很强的影响₂避免所有替代品。H ₂生产也受H ₂销售价格的强烈影响，而BLG-CaL-SOFC 和BLG-CaL-GT 强烈依赖于天然气价格。