Cancer is the second most-frequent cause of death in industrialized countries such as the United States.(1) The immune system is crucial for controlling and eliminating aberrant cells.(2,3) However, several mechanisms, e.g., expression of specific proteins or release of certain molecules by cancer cells and tissues, can lead to a suppression of immune responses and thereby promote cancer growth. In the past years, drugs that (re)activate the immune system, e.g., checkpoint inhibitors, have been introduced. Their success in the treatment of terminal metastatic melanoma and subsequently other types of cancer has triggered huge research and drug development efforts in this field.(4,5) This Virtual Issue comprises selected articles related to cancer and immunology, published in ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science between 2018 and 2020, that highlight the importance of these related topics in pharmacology and drug development. The articles

• describe a broad range of potential cancer therapeutics including effective combination therapies, ligand–drug conjugates, and new drug formulations, especially with the aim to achieve drug targeting and enhanced drug delivery;
• propose novel cancer targets, e.g., G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs);
• elucidate resistance mechanisms, chemotherapy-induced toxicity, and effects of foods and herbs on the bioavailability of chemotherapeutic drugs;
• present analytical studies to quantify anticancer drugs in single cells by mass spectrometry, and new methods for the diagnosis of cancers;
• evaluate and describe the development of humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology, 3-D tumor models, and further in vitro models to study potential anticancer drugs or immunity.

describe a broad range of potential cancer therapeutics including effective combination therapies, ligand–drug conjugates, and new drug formulations, especially with the aim to achieve drug targeting and enhanced drug delivery; propose novel cancer targets, e.g., G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs); elucidate resistance mechanisms, chemotherapy-induced toxicity, and effects of foods and herbs on the bioavailability of chemotherapeutic drugs; present analytical studies to quantify anticancer drugs in single cells by mass spectrometry, and new methods for the diagnosis of cancers; evaluate and describe the development of humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology, 3-D tumor models, and further in vitro models to study potential anticancer drugs or immunity. The goal of this Virtual Issue is to provide our readers with insights and inspiration through this article collection focused on an interdisciplinary field of pharmacology and translational science that is progressing at high speed. This article references 5 other publications.

中文翻译：

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虚拟问题：肿瘤学、免疫学和免疫肿瘤学

在美国等工业化国家，癌症是第二常见的死因。(1) 免疫系统对于控制和消除异常细胞至关重要。(2,3) 然而，一些机制，例如特定蛋白质的表达或癌细胞和组织释放某些分子，可导致免疫反应抑制，从而促进癌症生长。在过去几年中，已经引入了（重新）激活免疫系统的药物，例如检查点抑制剂。他们在治疗晚期转移性黑色素瘤和随后的其他类型癌症方面的成功引发了该领域的巨大研究和药物开发工作。(4,5) 本期虚拟期刊包括与癌症和免疫学相关的精选文章，发表在ACS Pharmacology & Translational科学2018 年至 2020 年之间，突出了这些相关主题在药理学和药物开发中的重要性。文章

• 描述广泛的潜在癌症疗法，包括有效的联合疗法、配体-药物偶联物和新的药物制剂，特别是旨在实现药物靶向和增强药物递送；
• 提出新的癌症靶点，例如 G 蛋白偶联受体 (GPCR)；
• 阐明耐药机制、化疗引起的毒性以及食物和草药对化疗药物生物利用度的影响；
• 介绍通过质谱法对单细胞中的抗癌药物进行量化的分析研究，以及诊断癌症的新方法；
• 评估和描述用于免疫肿瘤学、3-D 肿瘤模型以及进一步研究潜在抗癌药物或免疫的体外模型的人源化小鼠模型的开发。

描述广泛的潜在癌症疗法，包括有效的联合疗法、配体-药物偶联物和新的药物制剂，特别是旨在实现药物靶向和增强药物递送；提出新的癌症靶点，例如 G 蛋白偶联受体 (GPCR)；阐明耐药机制、化疗引起的毒性以及食物和草药对化疗药物生物利用度的影响；介绍通过质谱法对单细胞中的抗癌药物进行量化的分析研究，以及诊断癌症的新方法；评估和描述用于免疫肿瘤学、3-D 肿瘤模型以及进一步研究潜在抗癌药物或免疫的体外模型的人源化小鼠模型的开发。本期虚拟期刊的目标是通过这篇文章集为我们的读者提供洞察力和灵感，该文章集专注于高速发展的药理学和转化科学的跨学科领域。本文引用了其他 5 篇出版物。