ABSTRACT: Aquatic organisms rely on microbial symbionts for coping with various challenges they encounter during stress and for defending themselves against predators, pathogens and parasites. Microbial symbionts are also often indispensable for the host’s development or life cycle completion. Many aquatic ecosystems are currently under pressure due to diverse human activities that have a profound impact on ecosystem functioning. These human activities are also expected to alter interactions between aquatic hosts and their associated microbes. This can directly impact the host’s health and—given the importance and widespread occurrence of microbial symbiosis in aquatic systems—the ecosystem at large. In this review, we provide an overview of the importance of microbial symbionts for aquatic organisms, and we consider how the beneficial services provided by microbial symbionts can be affected by human activities. The scarcity of available studies that assess the functional consequences of human impacts on aquatic microbial symbioses shows that our knowledge on this topic is currently limited, making it difficult to draw general conclusions and predict future changes in microbial symbiont-host relationships in a changing world. To address this important knowledge gap, we provide an overview of approaches that can be used to assess the impact of human disturbances on the functioning of aquatic microbial symbioses.

中文翻译：

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人类对水生生物和微生物共生的影响

摘要：水生生物依靠微生物共生体来应对它们在压力下遇到的各种挑战，并保护自己免受捕食者、病原体和寄生虫的侵害。微生物共生体对于宿主的发育或生命周期的完成也往往是必不可少的。由于对生态系统功能产生深远影响的各种人类活动，许多水生生态系统目前正面临压力。这些人类活动也有望改变水生宿主与其相关微生物之间的相互作用。鉴于微生物共生在水生系统中的重要性和普遍存在性，这会直接影响宿主的健康以及整个生态系统。在这篇综述中，我们概述了微生物共生体对水生生物的重要性，我们考虑微生物共生体提供的有益服务如何受到人类活动的影响。评估人类对水生微生物共生影响的功能后果的可用研究的稀缺表明我们目前对这一主题的了解有限，因此很难得出一般性结论并预测在不断变化的世界中微生物共生 - 宿主关系的未来变化。为了解决这一重要的知识差距，我们概述了可用于评估人类干扰对水生微生物共生功能的影响的方法。评估人类对水生微生物共生影响的功能后果的可用研究的稀缺表明我们目前对这一主题的了解有限，因此很难得出一般性结论并预测在不断变化的世界中微生物共生 - 宿主关系的未来变化。为了解决这一重要的知识差距，我们概述了可用于评估人类干扰对水生微生物共生功能的影响的方法。评估人类对水生微生物共生影响的功能后果的可用研究的稀缺表明我们目前对这一主题的了解有限，因此很难得出一般性结论并预测在不断变化的世界中微生物共生 - 宿主关系的未来变化。为了解决这一重要的知识差距，我们概述了可用于评估人类干扰对水生微生物共生功能的影响的方法。