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A “Practically American” Canadian Woman Confronts a United States Citizen-Only Hiring Law: Katharine Short and the California Alien Teachers Controversy of 1915
Law and History Review ( IF 0.769 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-26 , DOI: 10.1017/s0738248021000298
Brendan A. Shanahan

In February 1915, non-citizen teachers throughout California abruptly learned that they would soon lose their jobs when state officials announced that local and county governments were required to enforce a long-forgotten anti-alien public employment law. In response, one Canadian immigrant teacher, Katharine Short, launched a diplomatic, legal, political, and public relations campaign against the policy. Earning the support of powerful (Anglo-)Canadian nationalists in wartime and a favorable depiction in California news coverage as a “practically American” Canadian woman, Short’s efforts culminated in an exemption for most immigrant teachers from the state’s nativist public employment policies. This article recovers, recounts, and contextualizes the California Alien Teachers Controversy of 1915 at the center of transformations in the political development, law, and politics of American citizenship and citizenship rights from the late-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. It testifies to the growing power and powers of state governments to shape immigrants' lives and livelihoods via alienage law long into the mid-twentieth century, the rhetorical strength and courtroom limits of “right to contract” arguments in the context of anti-alien hiring and licensure disputes, and the disparate impact of these nativist laws on immigrants owing to inequalities of race, gender, and class and how those inequalities shaped the less-than-inclusive aims and strategies of Katharine Short in her campaign to alter the state's nativist public employment policies.

中文翻译:

一位“实际上是美国人”的加拿大女性面对美国公民的雇佣法:凯瑟琳·肖特和 1915 年的加州外籍教师争议

1915 年 2 月,加利福尼亚州的非公民教师突然得知,当州政府官员宣布要求地方和县政府执行一项早已被遗忘的反外星人公共就业法时,他们将很快失去工作。作为回应,加拿大移民教师凯瑟琳·肖特发起了一场反对该政策的外交、法律、政治和公共关系运动。在战时赢得了强大的(盎格鲁-)加拿大民族主义者的支持,以及在加利福尼亚新闻报道中作为“实际上是美国的”加拿大女性的有利描述,肖特的努力最终使大多数移民教师免于该州的本土主义公共就业政策。本文恢复,叙述,并将 1915 年的加州外籍教师争议置于 19 世纪末至 20 世纪中叶美国公民和公民权利的政治发展、法律和政治变革的中心。它证明了直到 20 世纪中叶,州政府通过异化法塑造移民生活和生计的权力和权力不断增长,证明了在反外国人雇佣背景下“合同权”论点的修辞力量和法庭限制和执照纠纷,以及由于种族、性别和阶级的不平等,这些本土主义法律对移民的不同影响,以及这些不平等如何塑造了凯瑟琳·肖特在改变该州本土主义公众的运动中的包容性不足的目标和策略就业政策。以及 19 世纪末至 20 世纪中叶的美国公民身份和公民权利的政治。它证明了直到 20 世纪中叶,州政府通过异化法塑造移民生活和生计的权力和权力不断增长,证明了在反外国人雇佣背景下“合同权”论点的修辞力量和法庭限制和执照纠纷,以及由于种族、性别和阶级的不平等,这些本土主义法律对移民的不同影响,以及这些不平等如何塑造了凯瑟琳·肖特在改变该州本土主义公众的运动中的包容性不足的目标和策略就业政策。以及 19 世纪末至 20 世纪中叶的美国公民身份和公民权利的政治。它证明了直到 20 世纪中叶,州政府通过异化法塑造移民生活和生计的权力和权力不断增长,证明了在反外国人雇佣背景下“合同权”论点的修辞力量和法庭限制和执照纠纷,以及由于种族、性别和阶级的不平等,这些本土主义法律对移民的不同影响,以及这些不平等如何塑造了凯瑟琳·肖特在改变该州本土主义公众的运动中的包容性不足的目标和策略就业政策。
更新日期:2021-08-26
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