Orthography plays a crucial role in L2 learning, which generally relies on both oral and written input. We examine whether incongruencies between L1 and L2 grapheme-phoneme correspondences influence bilingual speech perception and production, even when both languages have been acquired in early childhood before reading acquisition. Spanish–Basque and Basque–Spanish early bilinguals performed an auditory lexical decision task including Basque pseudowords created by replacing Basque /s̻/ with Spanish /θ/. These distinct phonemes take the same orthographic form, <z>. Participants also completed reading-aloud tasks in Basque and Spanish to test whether speech sounds with the same orthographic form were produced similarly in the two languages. Results for both groups showed orthography had strong effects on speech perception but no effects on speech production. Taken together, these findings suggest that orthography plays a crucial role in the speech system of early bilinguals but does not automatically lead to non-native production.

中文翻译：

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正字法影响早期双语者的 L1 和 L2 语音感知，但不影响生产

正字法在 L2 学习中起着至关重要的作用，这通常依赖于口头和书面输入。我们研究了 L1 和 L2 字素 - 音素对应之间的不一致是否会影响双语语音感知和产生，即使两种语言都是在儿童早期在阅读习得之前获得的。西班牙语-巴斯克语和巴斯克语-西班牙语的早期双语者执行听觉词汇决策任务，包括通过用西班牙语 /θ/ 替换巴斯克语 /s̻/ 创建的巴斯克伪词。这些不同的音素采用相同的拼写形式，<z>。参与者还完成了巴斯克语和西班牙语的朗读任务，以测试两种语言中具有相同拼写形式的语音是否相似。两组的结果都表明，正字法对言语感知有很强的影响，但对言语产生没有影响。综上所述，这些发现表明正字法在早期双语者的语音系统中起着至关重要的作用，但不会自动导致非母语生产。