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Amyloid-β toxicity modulates tau phosphorylation through the PAX6 signalling pathway
Brain ( IF 10.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-28 , DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab134
Yalun Zhang 1, 2, 3, 4 , Yi Zhang 1 , Yahyah Aman 5 , Cheung Toa Ng 1, 2 , Wing-Hin Chau 1 , Zhigang Zhang 1 , Ming Yue 1 , Christopher Bohm 3, 4 , Yizhen Jia 1 , Siwen Li 1 , Qiuju Yuan 6 , Jennifer Griffin 3, 4 , Kin Chiu 7 , Dana S M Wong 1 , Binbin Wang 8 , Dongyan Jin 1 , Ekaterina Rogaeva 3, 4 , Paul E Fraser 3, 4 , Evandro F Fang 5 , Peter St George-Hyslop 4, 9 , You-Qiang Song 1, 2, 10
Affiliation  

The molecular link between amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the two pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease, is still unclear. Increasing evidence suggests that amyloid-β peptide activates multiple regulators of cell cycle pathways, including transcription factors CDKs and E2F1, leading to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. However, the exact pathways downstream of amyloid-β-induced cell cycle imbalance are unknown. Here, we show that PAX6, a transcription factor essential for eye and brain development which is quiescent in adults, is increased in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and in APP transgenic mice, and plays a key role between amyloid-β and tau hyperphosphorylation. Downregulation of PAX6 protects against amyloid-β peptide-induced neuronal death, suggesting that PAX6 is a key executor of the amyloid-β toxicity pathway. Mechanistically, amyloid-β upregulates E2F1, followed by the induction of PAX6 and c-Myb, while Pax6 is a direct target for both E2F1 and its downstream target c-Myb. Furthermore, PAX6 directly regulates transcription of GSK-3β, a kinase involved in tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangles formation, and its phosphorylation of tau at Ser356, Ser396 and Ser404. In conclusion, we show that signalling pathways that include CDK/pRB/E2F1 modulate neuronal death signals by activating downstream transcription factors c-Myb and PAX6, leading to GSK-3β activation and tau pathology, providing novel potential targets for pharmaceutical intervention.

中文翻译:

β-淀粉样蛋白毒性通过 PAX6 信号通路调节 tau 磷酸化

淀粉样蛋白-β斑块和神经原纤维缠结(阿尔茨海默病的两个病理标志)之间的分子联系仍不清楚。越来越多的证据表明,β-淀粉样蛋白肽激活细胞周期通路的多种调节因子,包括转录因子 CDK 和 E2F1,导致 tau 蛋白过度磷酸化。然而,β-淀粉样蛋白诱导的细胞周期失衡下游的确切途径尚不清楚。在这里,我们表明 PAX6 是一种在成人中处于静止状态的对眼睛和大脑发育至关重要的转录因子,在阿尔茨海默病患者和 APP 转基因小鼠的大脑中增加,并且在淀粉样蛋白-β 和 tau 过度磷酸化之间起关键作用. PAX6 的下调可防止淀粉样蛋白-β 肽诱导的神经元死亡,表明 PAX6 是淀粉样蛋白-β 毒性途径的关键执行者。从机制上讲,β-淀粉样蛋白上调 E2F1,然后诱导 PAX6 和 c-Myb,而 Pax6 是 E2F1 及其下游靶标 c-Myb 的直接靶标。此外,PAX6 直接调节 GSK-3β(一种参与 tau 过度磷酸化和神经原纤维缠结形成的激酶)的转录,以及其在 Ser356、Ser396 和 Ser404 位点的 tau 磷酸化。总之,我们表明包括 CDK/pRB/E2F1 在内的信号通路通过激活下游转录因子 c-Myb 和 PAX6 来调节神经元死亡信号,导致 GSK-3β 激活和 tau 病理学,为药物干预提供了新的潜在靶点。而 Pax6 是 E2F1 及其下游目标 c-Myb 的直接目标。此外,PAX6 直接调节 GSK-3β(一种参与 tau 过度磷酸化和神经原纤维缠结形成的激酶)的转录,以及其在 Ser356、Ser396 和 Ser404 位点的 tau 磷酸化。总之,我们表明包括 CDK/pRB/E2F1 在内的信号通路通过激活下游转录因子 c-Myb 和 PAX6 来调节神经元死亡信号,导致 GSK-3β 激活和 tau 病理学,为药物干预提供了新的潜在靶点。而 Pax6 是 E2F1 及其下游目标 c-Myb 的直接目标。此外,PAX6 直接调节 GSK-3β(一种参与 tau 过度磷酸化和神经原纤维缠结形成的激酶)的转录,以及其在 Ser356、Ser396 和 Ser404 位点的 tau 磷酸化。总之,我们表明包括 CDK/pRB/E2F1 在内的信号通路通过激活下游转录因子 c-Myb 和 PAX6 来调节神经元死亡信号,导致 GSK-3β 激活和 tau 病理学,为药物干预提供了新的潜在靶点。
更新日期:2021-06-28
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