Probiotics were defined as microbial strains that confer health benefits to their consumers. The concept has evolved during the last 20 years, and today metabolites produced by the strains, known as postbiotics, and even dead cells, known as paraprobiotics, are closely associated to them. The isolation of commensal strains from human microbiome has led to the development of next generation probiotics. This review aims to present an overview of the developments in the area of cancer prevention and treatment, intimately related to advances in the knowledge of the microbiome role in its genesis and therapy. Strain identification and characterization, production processes, delivery strategies, and clinical evaluation are crucial to translate results into the market with solid scientific support. Examples of recent tools in isolation, strain typification, quality control, and development of new probiotic strains are described. Probiotics market and regulation were originally developed in the food sector, but these new strategies will impact the pharmaceutical and health sectors, requiring new considerations in regulatory frameworks.

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生产和使用益生菌作为癌症治疗或预防治疗剂的挑战

益生菌被定义为赋予消费者健康益处的微生物菌株。这一概念在过去 20 年中不断发展，如今由菌株产生的代谢物（称为后生元），甚至死细胞（称为副益生菌）都与它们密切相关。从人类微生物组中分离出共生菌株导致了下一代益生菌的开发。本综述旨在概述癌症预防和治疗领域的发展，这与微生物组在其发生和治疗中作用的知识进展密切相关。菌株识别和表征、生产过程、交付策略和临床评估对于将结果转化为具有坚实科学支持的市场至关重要。最近孤立的工具的例子，描述了菌株分类、质量控制和新益生菌菌株的开发。益生菌市场和监管最初是在食品行业发展起来的，但这些新战略将影响制药和卫生行业，需要在监管框架中进行新的考虑。