Protein-rich droplets, such as stress granules, P-bodies, and the nucleolus, perform diverse and specialized cellular functions. Recent evidence has shown the droplets, which are also known as biomolecular condensates or membrane-less compartments, form by phase separation. Many droplets also contact membrane-bound organelles, thereby functioning in development, intracellular degradation, and organization. These underappreciated interactions have major implications for our fundamental understanding of cells. Starting with a brief introduction to wetting phenomena, we summarize recent progress in the emerging field of droplet–membrane contact. We describe the physical mechanism of droplet–membrane interactions, discuss how these interactions remodel droplets and membranes, and introduce "membrane scaffolding" by liquids as a novel reshaping mechanism, thereby demonstrating that droplet–membrane interactions are elastic wetting phenomena. “Membrane-less” and “membrane-bound” condensates likely represent distinct wetting states that together link phase separation with mechanosensitivity and explain key structures observed during embryogenesis, during autophagy, and at synapses. We therefore contend that droplet wetting on membranes provides a robust and intricate means of intracellular organization.

中文翻译：

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细胞内润湿介导液体室和膜结合细胞器之间的接触

富含蛋白质的液滴，例如应激颗粒、P 体和核仁，执行多种专门的细胞功能。最近的证据表明，液滴（也称为生物分子凝聚物或无膜隔室）是通过相分离形成的。许多液滴还接触膜结合细胞器，从而在发育、细胞内降解和组织中发挥作用。这些未被充分认识的相互作用对于我们对细胞的基本理解具有重大影响。首先简要介绍润湿现象，我们总结了液滴-膜接触这一新兴领域的最新进展。我们描述了液滴-膜相互作用的物理机制，讨论了这些相互作用如何重塑液滴和膜，并引入液体的“膜支架”作为一种新颖的重塑机制，从而证明液滴-膜相互作用是弹性润湿现象。“无膜”和“膜结合”凝聚物可能代表了不同的润湿状态，它们将相分离与机械敏感性联系在一起，并解释了在胚胎发生、自噬和突触期间观察到的关键结构。因此，我们认为膜上的液滴润湿提供了一种稳健且复杂的细胞内组织方式。