Dogs are particularly skillful in communicating with humans, and growing evidence points towards the importance of both species intertwined evolutionary history and intense daily partnership. Gaze alternation is a communicative behavior used by dogs from a very young age and is affected by factors such as aging and experience. We analyzed how different degrees of daily human interaction affect dogs’ gazing behavior in the unsolvable task, where a desired food becomes inaccessible. Three groups with different degrees of daily exposure to humans were compared: pet dogs that live inside the house, pet dogs that live outside the house, and shelter dogs. We found no difference in latency to the first gaze, but pet dogs did show a higher proportion of individuals engaging in gaze alternation, a higher number of gaze alternations, and a longer duration of gaze than shelter dogs. Additionally, dogs living inside the house gazed more at the experimenter than dogs living outside. Overall, our results indicate a strong influence of experience over the development and use of these communicative behaviors in dogs, with groups that are closer to people in their daily lives being more willing to communicate with humans as a strategy to obtain a desired goal.

狗在与人类交流方面特别熟练，越来越多的证据表明这两个物种交织在一起的进化历史和密切的日常伙伴关系的重要性。凝视交替是狗从很小的时候就开始使用的一种交际行为，受年龄和经验等因素的影响。我们分析了不同程度的日常人类互动如何影响狗在无法解决的任务中的凝视行为，其中所需的食物变得无法获得。比较了每天与人类接触程度不同的三组：住在屋内的宠物狗、住在屋外的宠物狗和收容所的狗。我们发现第一次凝视的潜伏期没有差异，但宠物狗确实表现出更高比例的人参与凝视交替，更多的凝视交替，和比庇护犬更长的凝视时间。此外，与住在屋外的狗相比，住在屋内的狗更多地注视着实验者。总体而言，我们的结果表明，经验对狗的这些交流行为的发展和使用有很大影响，在日常生活中与人更亲近的群体更愿意与人类交流，以此作为实现预期目标的策略。