Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious clinical problem, particularly for adolescents and young adults. NSSI is a complex behavior that emerges through the intersecting effects of social, psychological, and biological mechanisms. Although the social and psychological contributions to risk for developing NSSI are relatively well understood and have guided the development of effective psychosocial treatments for self-injury, the biological mechanisms underlying NSSI have just begun to come to light. To evaluate and categorize the biological research conducted on the topic of NSSI, we propose a model that distinguishes between trait and state markers. According to this model, risk factors and mechanisms involved in NSSI can be distinguished into both trait and state factors. We review the existing evidence on distal biological traits (predictors) of NSSI, proximal biological traits (correlates) of NSSI, and biological states directly preceding or following NSSI. We conclude by providing recommendations for future research on the neurobiology of NSSI.

非自杀性自伤（NSSI）是一个严重的临床问题，特别是对于青少年和年轻人来说。NSSI 是一种复杂的行为，是通过社会、心理和生物机制的交叉影响而出现的。尽管社会和心理对发生 NSSI 风险的贡献相对较好地了解，并指导了针对自伤的有效社会心理治疗的开发，但 NSSI 背后的生物学机制才刚刚开始被发现。为了对 NSSI 主题的生物学研究进行评估和分类，我们提出了一个区分性状标记和状态标记的模型。根据该模型，NSSI 涉及的危险因素和机制可分为特质因素和状态因素。我们回顾了有关NSSI 的远端生物学特征（预测因子）、 NSSI 的近端生物学特征（相关性）以及NSSI 之前或之后的生物学状态的现有证据。最后，我们为 NSSI 神经生物学的未来研究提供建议。