Electric transport systems and renewable energy sources (RESs) have recently attracted significant interest, because of the limitations and drawbacks of fossil fuels and the growing demand for utilization of clean energy. Suitable paradigms are needed to manage the atypical and heterogeneous load of electric vehicles (EVs), the intermittent nature of RESs, and the changeability of electrical loads in power networks. The technical and commercial operation of an integrated system comprising an electric transportation system with a battery-powered bus [electric bus (eBus)] charging station and an EV parking lot, integrated with solar photovoltaic (PV) generation, and combined with a battery storage system (BSS), as a virtual energy hub (VEH) is proposed. Moreover, a cooperative decision-making (CDM) strategy is proposed for the VEH, where the active and reactive power flows and the economic operation of the VEH are scheduled using a novel three-stage cooperative control system. A supervisory control system is developed using agents to realize the scheduled CDM of the VEH and to assign the control parameters for the provision of ancillary services. The VEH agent can operate autonomously during the real-time operation to cope with the volatility of the power system based on the optimal predetermined set points from the grid agent. The effectiveness of the CDM methodology is studied and evaluated through different realistic scenarios. The results show that the proposed CDM can organize the effective energy management (EM) with a minimum operational cost to the VEH. Furthermore, because of the designed supervisory control and the provision of ancillary services using the VEH, the grid requirements can be effectively managed.

中文翻译：

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光伏发电和储能供电的电力运输系统虚拟能源中心的协同能源管理


由于化石燃料的局限性和缺点以及对清洁能源利用的需求不断增长，电力运输系统和可再生能源（RES）最近引起了人们的极大兴趣。需要合适的范例来管理电动汽车 (EV) 的非典型和异构负载、RES 的间歇性以及电网中电力负载的可变性。集成系统的技术和商业运营，该系统包括带有电池供电巴士[电动巴士（eBus）]充电站和电动汽车停车场的电动交通系统，集成太阳能光伏（PV）发电并与电池存储相结合系统（BSS）作为虚拟能源中心（VEH）被提出。此外，还提出了 VEH 的协作决策（CDM）策略，其中使用新型三级协作控制系统来调度 VEH 的有功功率流和无功功率流以及 VEH 的经济运行。使用代理开发监督控制系统，以实现 VEH 的预定 CDM 并分配控制参数以提供辅助服务。 VEH代理可以在实时运行期间自主运行，以根据电网代理的最佳预定设定点应对电力系统的波动性。通过不同的现实场景研究和评估CDM方法的有效性。结果表明，所提出的 CDM 可以以最低的 VEH 运营成本组织有效的能源管理 (EM)。此外，由于设计了监督控制并使用 VEH 提供辅助服务，可以有效管理电网需求。