It has long been assumed that lead glazing technology preceded glassmaking in the Western world and that the technological transfer was from glazes to glass. Here, we present new evidence for the reverse, the indigenous innovation of glassmaking and its transfer to glazes in early Islamic al-Andalus (Spain). Compositional analyses show that Islamic lead glazes from Córdoba are intimately related to a distinct type of high-lead glass, suggesting a connection between the two technologies. The archaeological remains from a pottery workshop indicate that the glazing process initially involved the production of a lead glass and is not linked to earlier Roman or other contemporary glazing technologies. The data also demonstrate that the potters not only used the same materials and techniques but borrowed stylistic and decorative models from glassmaking.

中文翻译：

---

从安达卢斯的玻璃到釉料：本地发明和技术转让

长期以来，人们一直认为铅玻璃技术先于西方世界的玻璃制造，并且技术转移是从釉料到玻璃。在这里，我们提出了相反的新证据，即玻璃制造的本土创新及其在早期伊斯兰安达卢斯（西班牙）向釉料的转移。成分分析表明，来自科尔多瓦的伊斯兰铅釉与一种独特的高铅玻璃密切相关，表明这两种技术之间存在联系。来自陶器作坊的考古遗迹表明，上釉过程最初涉及铅玻璃的生产，与早期的罗马或其他当代上釉技术无关。数据还表明，陶艺家不仅使用了相同的材料和技术，还借鉴了玻璃制造的风格和装饰模型。