Cognates – words that share form and meaning between languages – are processed faster than control words. However, is this facilitation effect merely lexical in nature or does it cascade to phonological/orthographic (i.e., sub-lexical) processes? This study compared cognate effects in spoken and typewritten production, which share lexical, but not sub-lexical processes. Dutch–English bilinguals produced English names for pictures representing Dutch–English cognates and control words in either the spoken or typewritten modality. Onset latencies were shorter and accuracy was higher for cognates vs. control words and this effect was similar in both modalities. Compared to controls, total latencies in the written modality were similar for cognates with much cross-linguistic overlap, but longer for ones with less overlap. Additionally, error analysis showed that cognates were more affected by L1 interference than controls. These results suggest two different cognate effects: one at the lexical and one at the sub-lexical level.

中文翻译：

---

口语和书面第二语言单词生成中的同源效应比较

同源词——在语言之间共享形式和意义的词——比控制词处理得更快。然而，这种促进效应在本质上仅仅是词汇还是级联到语音/拼字（即亚词汇）过程？这项研究比较了口语和打字生产中的同源效应，它们共享词汇，而不是亚词汇过程。荷兰-英语双语者为代表荷兰-英语同源词和控制词的图片以口语或打字形式生成英文名称。同源词与控制词相比，起效延迟更短，准确性更高，并且这种效果在两种模式中相似。与对照组相比，跨语言重叠较多的同源词在书面形式中的总潜伏期相似，但重叠较少的同源词的总潜伏期较长。此外，错误分析表明，同源词比对照更受 L1 干扰的影响。这些结果表明了两种不同的同源效应：一种在词汇层面，一种在亚词汇层面。