Forest transitions may significantly contribute to climate change mitigation but also change forest use, affecting the local people benefiting from forests. We analyze forest transitions as contested processes that simplify multifunctional landscapes and alter local livelihoods. Drawing on the Theory of Access, we develop a conceptual framework to investigate practices of multifunctional forest use and the mechanisms that exclude local forest use(r)s during forest transitions in nineteenth century Austria and twenty-first century Lao PDR. Based on historical sources, interviews and secondary literature, we discuss legal, structural and social-metabolic mechanisms to exclude multifunctional forest practices, marginalizing peasants and shifting cultivators. These include, for example, the increasing enforcement of private ownership in forests or the shift from fuelwood to coal in Austria and restrictive land use planning or the expansion of private land concessions in Laos. By integrating political ecology and environmental history in forest transitions research we unravel shifting power relations connected to forest change.

森林转型可能会极大地有助于减缓气候变化，但也会改变森林的利用，影响当地人民从森林中受益。我们将森林转变分析为简化多功能景观并改变当地生计的有争议的过程。借鉴获取理论，我们开发了一个概念框架来研究多功能森林利用的实践以及在十九世纪奥地利和二十一世纪老挝人民民主共和国森林转型期间排除当地森林利用的机制。基于历史资料、访谈和二手文献，我们讨论了排除多功能森林实践、边缘化农民和轮耕者的法律、结构和社会代谢机制。例如，这些措施包括加强森林私有制的执行，或奥地利从薪材转向煤炭，以及老挝限制性土地使用规划或扩大私人土地特许权。通过将政治生态学和环境历史整合到森林转型研究中，我们揭示了与森林变化相关的不断变化的权力关系。