Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-23 , DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10230-x Ryan Mack 1 , Lei Zhang 1 , Peter Breslin Sj 1, 2 , Jiwang Zhang 1
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As with most organ systems that undergo continuous generation and maturation during the transition from fetal to adult life, the hematopoietic and immune systems also experience dynamic changes. Such changes lead to many unique features in blood cell function and immune responses in early childhood. The blood cells and immune cells in neonates are a mixture of fetal and adult origin due to the co-existence of both fetal and adult types of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells (HPCs). Fetal blood and immune cells gradually diminish during maturation of the infant and are almost completely replaced by adult types of cells by 3 to 4 weeks after birth in mice. Such features in early childhood are associated with unique features of hematopoietic and immune diseases, such as leukemia, at these developmental stages. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which hematopoietic and immune changes occur throughout ontogeny will provide useful information for the study and treatment of pediatric blood and immune diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies on hematopoietic initiation during early embryonic development, the expansion of both fetal and adult types of HSCs and HPCs in the fetal liver and fetal bone marrow stages, and the shift from fetal to adult hematopoiesis/immunity during neonatal/infant development. We also discuss the contributions of fetal types of HSCs/HPCs to childhood leukemias.
Graphical Abstract
中文翻译：
胎儿到成人的造血干细胞转化及其在儿童造血恶性肿瘤中的作用
与在从胎儿到成年的过渡过程中经历不断生成和成熟的大多数器官系统一样，造血和免疫系统也经历动态变化。这种变化导致儿童早期血细胞功能和免疫反应的许多独特特征。由于胎儿和成人类型的造血干细胞 (HSC) 和祖细胞 (HPC) 共存，新生儿的血细胞和免疫细胞是胎儿和成人的混合物。胎儿血液和免疫细胞在婴儿成熟期间逐渐减少，并且在小鼠出生后 3 至 4 周几乎完全被成人类型的细胞所取代。儿童早期的这些特征与这些发育阶段的造血和免疫疾病（如白血病）的独特特征有关。所以，了解造血和免疫变化在整个个体发育过程中发生的细胞和分子机制将为儿童血液和免疫疾病的研究和治疗提供有用的信息。在这篇综述中，我们总结了关于早期胚胎发育过程中造血启动、胎儿和成人类型的 HSC 和 HPC 在胎儿肝脏和胎儿骨髓阶段的扩增以及从胎儿到成人造血/免疫的转变的最新研究。在新生儿/婴儿发育期间。我们还讨论了胎儿类型的 HSC/HPC 对儿童白血病的贡献。我们总结了关于早期胚胎发育期间造血启动、胎儿和成人类型的 HSC 和 HPC 在胎儿肝脏和胎儿骨髓阶段的扩增以及新生儿/婴儿期间从胎儿到成人造血/免疫的转变的最新研究发展。我们还讨论了胎儿类型的 HSC/HPC 对儿童白血病的贡献。我们总结了关于早期胚胎发育期间造血启动、胎儿和成人类型的 HSC 和 HPC 在胎儿肝脏和胎儿骨髓阶段的扩增以及新生儿/婴儿期间从胎儿到成人造血/免疫的转变的最新研究发展。我们还讨论了胎儿类型的 HSC/HPC 对儿童白血病的贡献。
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