Emerging concepts in nanotechnology have gained particular attention for their clinical translation of immunotherapies of cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. Several nanoconstructs have been engineered with unique structural, physicochemical, and functional features as robust alternatives for conventional chemotherapies. Traditional cancer therapies like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and ultimately surgery are the most widely practiced in biomedical settings. Biomaterials and nanotechnology have introduced vehicles for drug delivery and have revolutionized the concept of the modern immunotherapeutic paradigm. Various types of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles and, more specifically, drug-loaded nanoparticles are becoming famous for drug delivery applications because of safety, patient compliance, and smart action. Such therapeutic modalities have acknowledged regulatory endorsement and are being used in twenty-first-century clinical settings. Considering the emerging concepts and landscaping potentialities, herein, we spotlight and discuss nanoparticle-based immunotherapies as a smart and sophisticated drug delivery approach to combat cancer metastasis. The introductory part of this manuscript discusses a broad overview of cancer immunotherapy to understand better the tumor microenvironment and nanotechnology-oriented immunomodulatory strategies to cope with advanced-stage cancers. Following that, most addressable problems allied with conventional immunotherapies are given in comparison to nanoparticle-based immunotherapies. The later half of this work comprehensively highlights the requisite delivery of various bioactive entities with particular cases and examples. Finally, this review also encompasses a comprehensive concluding overview and future standpoints to strengthen a successful clinical translation of nanoparticle-based immunotherapies as a smart and sophisticated drug delivery approach.

纳米技术中的新兴概念因其对癌症、自身免疫和传染病免疫疗法的临床转化而受到特别关注。几种纳米结构已被设计为具有独特的结构、物理化学和功能特征，作为传统化学疗法的强大替代品。传统的癌症疗法，如化学疗法、放射疗法和最终的手术，是生物医学环境中应用最广泛的疗法。生物材料和纳米技术引入了药物输送载体，并彻底改变了现代免疫治疗范式的概念。由于安全性、患者依从性和智能行动，各种类型的纳米材料，例如纳米颗粒，更具体地说，载药纳米颗粒，正因药物输送应用而闻名。这种治疗方式得到了监管部门的认可，并被用于 21 世纪的临床环境中。考虑到新兴概念和景观潜力，我们在此重点讨论并讨论基于纳米粒子的免疫疗法作为一种智能且复杂的药物递送方法来对抗癌症转移。本手稿的介绍部分讨论了癌症免疫疗法的广泛概述，以更好地了解肿瘤微环境和以纳米技术为导向的免疫调节策略以应对晚期癌症。之后，与基于纳米粒子的免疫疗法相比，给出了与传统免疫疗法相关的大多数可解决的问题。这项工作的后半部分通过特定案例和示例全面强调了各种生物活性实体的必要交付。最后，本综述还包括全面的总结性概述和未来观点，以加强基于纳米粒子的免疫疗法作为一种智能和复杂的药物递送方法的成功临床转化。