In some regions of Mexico, edible wild plants have been displaced or eliminated from the traditional food systems, mainly by changes in land use, booming monoculture, herbicide use, and by changes among the new generations in the traditional foods and diets of indigenous populations. In the Totonacapan region of Puebla, the gradual change from the traditional acahual plantation to coffee-type agroecosystems has provoked the displacement of old-growth forests and the eradication of wild plants since 1970. One of the wild species which has been used in traditional medicine and food recipes by the Totonac culture is Smilax aristolochiifolia (SMILACACEAE), known as “kgentsililh”. This species forms part of traditional Totonac recipes, in which the tender stems are still used in local medicine to treat menstrual pain, deal with dysentery, and prevent hair loss. According to the Maxent® Program, there are still potential areas with habitats suitable to promote its conservation in the Poblano Totonacapan. We conducted 260 interviews with people in 13 locations in the northern Sierra of the State of Puebla. Variables taken into account in the interview related to the consumption frequency of the species, its abundance and distribution perception, reasons or arguments given by the Totonac indigenous population about the decreased presence of specimens of S. aristolochiifolia, its dates of collection, and the cutting prices of kgentsililh at the community level and in local markets. The relative abundance of S. aristolochiifolia was determined through 22 samples in 2ts of 600 m2. Later, its potential distribution in the state of Puebla was estimated using the Maxent® Program Ver. 3.3.3. Of the 260 Totonac families interviewed, 31% had stopped consuming kgentsililh. The residents reported that in the last 50 years the populations of this plant had diminished in the northern Sierra of the State of Puebla, mainly due to changes in land use, herbicide application, over-collection, and urban growth. In traditional medicine, the stem sap of S. aristolochiifolia is currently employed to help treat baldness, and the “tuberous root” or plant rhizome is used to prepare a tea infusion to treat dysentery. The cost of plant guides varies from 10.00 to 40.00 Mexican pesos for one bunch (around 0.5 to 2.00 US dollars), and every bundle consists of between 7 to 10 cuttings from 0.4 to 0.5 m long. From our 22 quadrats of sampling and collection of S. aristolochiifolia, we were able to recognize a total of 32 specimens. There is a considerable abundance of kgentsililh in acahual plantations and old-growth forests (evergreen lowland and mid-elevation perennial forest) concerning the coffee-type plantations and milpas. According to our analysis using the Maxent Program®, eight physical and climatic variables have a direct relationship to the potential distribution of the species. Smilax aristolochiifolia is still a plant of socioeconomic importance, mainly because of its food value and its use in traditional medicine by indigenous families in Poblano Totonacapan. It is evident that the villagers perceive that in the last 50 years the species has decreased its population mainly due to land-use change, the application of herbicides to the different family production units, and climate change. At the moment, there is no knowledge about the methods of propagation of the species, and therefore there is no intention on the part of the population to conserve the species. However, it would be of great importance to generate a biocultural conservation strategy and take advantage of the results obtained from the potential geographic distribution area, since according to the Maxent® Program, there are still potential areas with habitat suitable to promote conservation in Poblano Totonacapan.

中文翻译：

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墨西哥普埃布拉托托纳卡潘地区土茯苓 (SMILACACEAE) 的用途、丰度感知和潜在地理分布

在墨西哥的一些地区，可食用野生植物已从传统粮食系统中被取代或消除，这主要是由于土地利用的变化、单一栽培的蓬勃发展、除草剂的使用以及新一代土著居民传统食物和饮食的变化。在普埃布拉的托托纳卡潘地区，自 1970 年以来，从传统的阿卡胡尔种植园逐渐转变为咖啡型农业生态系统，导致了古老森林的迁移和野生植物的灭绝。一种已用于传统医学的野生物种Totonac 文化的食物食谱是土茯苓 (SMILACACEAE)，被称为“kgentsililh”。该物种是传统 Totonac 食谱的一部分，其中嫩茎仍用于当地药物中，以治疗经痛、治疗痢疾和防止脱发。根据 Maxent® 计划，Poblano Totonacapan 仍有潜在的栖息地适合促进其保护。我们对普埃布拉州北部山脉 13 个地点的人们进行了 260 次采访。访谈中考虑的变量涉及该物种的消费频率、其丰度和分布感知、托托纳克土著居民给出的关于马兜铃标本数量减少的原因或论据、其采集日期和采伐日期kgentsililh 在社区一级和当地市场的价格。通过2ts 600 m2 中的22 个样品测定了马兜铃的相对丰度。后来，使用 Maxent® 程序版本估计了其在普埃布拉州的潜在分布。3.3.3. 在接受采访的 260 个 Totonac 家庭中，31% 已停止食用 kgentsililh。居民报告说，在过去的 50 年里，普埃布拉州北部山脉的这种植物数量已经减少，主要原因是土地利用的变化、除草剂的使用、过度收集和城市发展。在传统医学中，马兜铃的茎汁液目前用于帮助治疗秃头，而“块根”或植物根茎则用于制备茶汤来治疗痢疾。一束植物导板的成本为 10.00 至 40.00 墨西哥比索（约 0.5 至 2.00 美元），每束由 7 至 10 个 0.4 至 0.5 m 长的插条组成。从马兜铃的 22 个样方取样和采集中，我们总共识别出了 32 个标本。在咖啡种植园和米尔帕斯种植园和古老森林（常绿低地和中海拔多年生森林）中，有相当丰富的 kgentsililh。根据我们使用 Maxent Program® 的分析，八个物理和气候变量与物种的潜在分布有直接关系。马兜铃仍然是一种具有社会经济重要性的植物，主要是因为它的食用价值以及波布拉诺托托纳卡潘土著家庭在传统医学中的使用。显然，村民们认为，在过去的 50 年里，该物种的数量减少主要是由于土地用途的变化、不同家庭生产单位使用除草剂以及气候变化。目前，人们对该物种的繁殖方法一无所知，因此人们无意保护该物种。然而，制定生物文化保护战略并利用从潜在地理分布区域获得的结果将非常重要，因为根据 Maxent® 计划，Poblano Totonacapan 仍然存在适合促进保护的潜在栖息地区域。