The native extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a matrix to hold tissue/organ, defines the cellular fate and function, and retains growth factors. Such a matrix is considered as a most biomimetic scaffold for tissue engineering due to the biochemical and biological components, 3D hierarchical structure, and physicomechanical properties. Several attempts have been performed to decellularize allo- or xeno-graft tissues and used them for bone repairing and regeneration. Decellularized ECM (dECM) technology has been developed to create an in vivo-like microenvironment to promote cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation for tissue repair and regeneration. Decellularization is mediated through physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods. In this review, we describe the recent progress in bone decellularization and their applications as a scaffold, hydrogel, bioink, or particles in bone tissue engineering. Furthermore, we address the native dECM limitations and the potential of non-bone dECM, cell-based ECM, and engineered ECM (eECM) for in vitro osteogenic differentiation and in vivo bone regeneration.

天然细胞外基质 (ECM) 提供了一个基质来容纳组织/器官，定义了细胞的命运和功能，并保留了生长因子。由于生化和生物成分、3D 层次结构和物理力学特性，这种基质被认为是组织工程中最具仿生性的支架。已经进行了几次尝试来使同种异体或异种移植组织脱细胞并将它们用于骨修复和再生。已开发出去细胞化 ECM (dECM) 技术来创建体内类似微环境，以促进细胞粘附、生长和分化，以进行组织修复和再生。去细胞化是通过物理、化学和酶促方法介导的。在这篇综述中，我们描述了骨去细胞化的最新进展及其在骨组织工程中作为支架、水凝胶、生物墨水或颗粒的应用。此外，我们解决了天然 dECM 的局限性以及非骨 dECM、基于细胞的 ECM 和工程 ECM (eECM)在体外成骨分化和体内骨再生方面的潜力。