Exosomes are nanometer-sized small EVs coated with bilayer structure, which are released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Exosomes are rich in a variety of biologically active substances, such as proteins, nucleotides, and lipids. Exosomes are widely present in various body fluids and cell culture supernatants, and it mediates the physiological and pathological processes of the body through the shuttle of these active ingredients to target cells. In recent years, studies have shown that exosomes from a variety of cell sources can play a beneficial role in acute and chronic kidney disease. In particular, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have significant curative effects on the prevention and treatment of kidney disease in preclinical trials. Besides, some encapsulated substances are demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on various diseases, so they have attracted much attention. In addition, exosomes have extensive sources, stable biological activity, and good biocompatibility and are easy to store and transport; these advantages endow exosomes with superior diagnostic value. With the rapid development of liquid biopsy technology related to exosomes, the application of exosomes in the rapid diagnosis of kidney disease has become more prominent. In this review, the latest development of exosomes, including the biosynthesis process, the isolation and identification methods of exosomes are systematically summarized. The utilization of exosomes in diagnosis and their positive effects in the repair of kidney dysfunction are discussed, along with the specific mechanisms. This review is expected to be helpful for relevant studies and to provide insight into future applications in clinical practice.

中文翻译：

---

外泌体：新兴的肾脏疾病治疗工具和生物标志物

外泌体是涂有双层结构的纳米级小 EV，由原核和真核细胞释放。外泌体富含多种生物活性物质，如蛋白质、核苷酸和脂质。外泌体广泛存在于各种体液和细胞培养上清液中，它通过这些活性成分穿梭于靶细胞来介导机体的生理和病理过程。近年来，研究表明，来自多种细胞来源的外泌体可以在急性和慢性肾脏疾病中发挥有益作用。尤其是间充质干细胞来源的外泌体在临床前试验中对肾脏疾病的防治具有显着疗效。除了，一些包封的物质被证明对各种疾病具有有益的作用，因此引起了人们的广泛关注。此外，外泌体来源广泛，生物活性稳定，生物相容性好，易于储存和运输；这些优势赋予外泌体优越的诊断价值。随着与外泌体相关的液体活检技术的快速发展，外泌体在肾脏疾病快速诊断中的应用变得更加突出。本综述系统地总结了外泌体的最新发展，包括外泌体的生物合成过程、分离和鉴定方法。讨论了外泌体在诊断中的应用及其在修复肾功能障碍中的积极作用，以及具体机制。