This article seeks to re-interpret the development of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Turkey from 1923 to 1980. The article shows that the dominant strong state tradition (SST) literature, which interpreted the development of SOEs as an independent project of the state to maintain its control over society, had been unable to fully explain the development processes of SOEs because it treated the state as an external entity distinct from (and even opposing to) the social classes. Employing an alternative Poulantzian framework, the article argues that the development of SOEs in Turkey was driven by class-industry interest and appeared as a precondition of the development of capitalism in Turkey. As such, relations between SOEs and the social classes were internal and complementary, rather than external and antagonistic. The SOEs were providing the bulk of industrial inputs and investment capital to the bourgeoisie fractions within the constitutive context of domestic capital accumulation strategies at the time (e.g. capitalist consolidation in 1930s, capitalist expansion in 1950s, capitalist expansion with duty losses in 1960s and 1970s). The SOEs were also benefiting the laboring and popular classes in terms of employment opportunities and higher wages.

中文翻译：

---

土耳其国有企业的发展：1923-1980

本文试图重新解读 1923 年至 1980 年间土耳其国有企业 (SOEs) 的发展。文章表明，占主导地位的强国家传统 (SST) 文献将国有企业的发展解释为土耳其的一个独立项目。国家为了保持对社会的控制，一直无法完全解释国有企业的发展过程，因为它将国家视为与社会阶级不同（甚至反对）的外部实体。文章采用另一种 Poulantzian 框架，认为土耳其国有企业的发展是由阶级工业利益驱动的，并且是土耳其资本主义发展的先决条件。因此，国有企业与社会阶层之间的关系是内部的和互补的，而不是外部的和对立的。国有企业在当时国内资本积累战略的构成背景下（例如 1930 年代的资本主义整合、1950 年代的资本主义扩张、1960 年代和 1970 年代的资本主义扩张和关税损失）为资产阶级提供了大部分工业投入和投资资本. 国有企业在就业机会和更高的工资方面也使劳动阶级和大众阶层受益。