As anthropogenic emissions continue to decline and emissions from landscape (wild, prescribed, and agricultural) fires increase across the coming century, the relative importance of landscape-fire smoke on air quality and health in the United States (US) will increase. Landscape fires are a large source of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), which has known negative impacts on human health. The seasonal and spatial distribution, particle composition, and co-emitted species in landscape-fire emissions are different from anthropogenic sources of PM_2.5. The implications of landscape-fire emissions on the sub-national temporal and spatial distribution of health events and the relative health importance of specific pollutants within smoke are not well understood. We use a health impact assessment with observation-based smoke PM_2.5 to determine the sub-national distribution of mortality and the sub-national and sub-annual distribution of asthma morbidity attributable to US smoke PM_2.5 from 2006 to 2018. We estimate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for PM_2.5 and 18 gas-phase hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in smoke. Although the majority of large landscape fires occur in the western US, we find the majority of mortality (74%) and asthma morbidity (on average 75% across 2006–2018) attributable to smoke PM_2.5 occurs outside the West, due to higher population density in the East. Across the US, smoke-attributable asthma morbidity predominantly occurs in spring and summer. The number of DALYs associated with smoke PM_2.5 is approximately three orders of magnitude higher than DALYs associated with gas-phase smoke HAPs. Our results indicate awareness and mitigation of landscape-fire smoke exposure is important across the US.

中文翻译：

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美国烟雾造成的死亡率和发病率估计：不仅仅是美国西部的问题


随着未来一个世纪人为排放量的持续下降以​​及景观（野外、规定和农业）火灾排放量的增加，景观火灾烟雾对美国空气质量和健康的相对重要性将会增加。景观火灾是细颗粒物 (PM _2.5 ) 的重要来源，已知会对人类健康产生负面影响。景观火灾排放物中的季节和空间分布、颗粒成分和共同排放物种与 PM _2.5的人为来源不同。景观火灾排放对健康事件的时间和空间分布的影响以及烟雾中特定污染物的相对健康重要性尚不清楚。我们使用基于观察的烟雾 PM _2.5的健康影响评估来确定 2006 年至 2018 年美国烟雾 PM _2.5造成的死亡率的地方分布以及哮喘发病率的地方和次年度分布。我们估计残疾-烟雾中 PM _2.5和 18 气相有害空气污染物 (HAP) 的调整生命年 (DALY)。尽管大多数大型景观火灾发生在美国西部，但我们发现，由于人口较多，PM _2.5烟雾造成的大部分死亡率 (74%) 和哮喘发病率（2006 年至 2018 年平均为 75%）发生在西部以外地区。东部的密度。在美国，烟雾引起的哮喘发病主要发生在春季和夏季。与烟雾 PM _2.5相关的 DALY 数量比与气相烟雾 HAP 相关的 DALY 高出大约三个数量级。 我们的结果表明，对景观火灾烟雾暴露的认识和缓解在整个美国都很重要。