BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a combination of motor and non-motor dysfunction. Dysphagia is a common symptom in PD, though it is still too frequently underdiagnosed. Consensus is lacking on screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of dysphagia in PD. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature and to define consensus statements on the screening and the diagnosis of dysphagia in PD, as well as on the impact of dysphagia on the prognosis and quality of life (QoL) of PD patients. METHODS A multinational group of experts in the field of neurogenic dysphagia and/or PD conducted a systematic revision of the literature published since January 1990 to February 2021 and reported the results according to PRISMA guidelines. The output of the research was then analyzed and discussed in a consensus conference convened in Pavia, Italy, where the consensus statements were drafted. The final version of statements was subsequently achieved by e-mail consensus. RESULTS Eighty-five papers were used to inform the Panel's statements even though most of them were of Class IV quality. The statements tackled four main areas: (1) screening of dysphagia: timing and tools; (2) diagnosis of dysphagia: clinical and instrumental detection, severity assessment; (3) dysphagia and QoL: impact and assessment; (4) prognostic value of dysphagia; impact on the outcome and role of associated conditions. CONCLUSIONS The statements elaborated by the Consensus Panel provide a framework to guide the neurologist in the timely detection and accurate diagnosis of dysphagia in PD.

中文翻译：

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帕金森病吞咽困难的多国共识：筛查、诊断和预后价值。

背景技术帕金森病(PD)是一种以运动和非运动功能障碍的组合为特征的神经退行性疾病。吞咽困难是 PD 的常见症状，尽管它仍然经常被漏诊。PD吞咽困难的筛查、诊断和预后缺乏共识。目的 系统回顾文献并就 PD 吞咽困难的筛查和诊断以及吞咽困难对 PD 患者预后和生活质量 (QoL) 的影响制定共识声明。方法 神经源性吞咽困难和/或 PD 领域的多国专家小组对自 1990 年 1 月至 2021 年 2 月发表的文献进行了系统修订，并根据 PRISMA 指南报告了结果。然后在意大利帕维亚召开的共识会议上对研究成果进行分析和讨论，并起草了共识声明。声明的最终版本随后通过电子邮件达成共识。结果 85 篇论文被用于为专家组的陈述提供信息，尽管其中大多数为 IV 级质量。这些声明涉及四个主要领域：（1）吞咽困难的筛查：时间和工具；(2)吞咽困难的诊断：临床和仪器检测、严重程度评估；(3) 吞咽困难和生活质量：影响和评估；(4) 吞咽困难的预后价值；对相关条件的结果和作用的影响。结论 共识小组阐述的声明为指导神经科医生及时发现和准确诊断 PD 吞咽困难提供了一个框架。