Introduction

Despite endorsement by the Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE), doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students are infrequently taught concepts related to social justice and empathy in a formal capacity. In addition, no validated measure exists to examine changes in these attitudes. Therefore, we tested the ability of a survey to predict changes in social justice and professional empathy attitudes in PharmD students.

Methods

Retrospective pre-/post-data collected from PharmD students who completed a population health course at two schools of pharmacy were used to assess validity and reliability of the Social Justice and Empathy Assessment (SJEA) survey. A partial-credit Rasch model was used to test for uni-dimensionality, person and item fit, and rating scale functioning, as well as construct and content validity. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the effect of demographic covariates on the extent of pre-/post-change.

Results

Of 396 participating students, 60% were non-Hispanic White and 57% were male. The scale demonstrated evidence of uni-dimensionality of a construct designated “social justice self-efficacy.” The rating scale functioned best as a three-option scale. Four items were removed to optimize person-item distribution, though few items were difficult to endorse. Attending the private school was significantly associated with increased pre-/post-change.

Conclusions

The SJEA is functional as a criterion-referenced assessment to determine whether minimum competency in social justice self-efficacy is experienced before or after participation in a CAPE-informed educational program. Further research should explore contextual predictors of change in social justice self-efficacy.

中文翻译：

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验证前/后调查以衡量学生社会正义态度和同理心的变化

介绍

尽管得到药学教育促进中心 (CAPE) 的认可，但药学博士 (PharmD) 的学生很少以正式的身份接受与社会正义和同理心相关的概念的教授。此外，没有经过验证的措施来检查这些态度的变化。因此，我们测试了一项调查预测药学博士学生社会正义和职业同理心态度变化的能力。

方法

从在两所药学院完成人口健康课程的 PharmD 学生收集的回顾性前后数据用于评估社会正义和移情评估 (SJEA) 调查的有效性和可靠性。使用部分信用 Rasch 模型来测试单维性、个人和项目拟合、评分量表功能以及结构和内容效度。多元线性回归用于评估人口统计协变量对变化前后程度的影响。

结果

在 396 名参与的学生中，60% 是非西班牙裔白人，57% 是男性。该量表证明了被称为“社会正义自我效能”的结构的单维性。评级量表作为三选项量表发挥最佳作用。删除了四个项目以优化个人项目分布，尽管很少有项目难以认可。就读私立学校与变化前后的增加显着相关。

结论

SJEA 可作为标准参考评估来确定在参与 CAPE 知情教育计划之前或之后是否经历了社会正义自我效能的最低能力。进一步的研究应该探索社会正义自我效能变化的背景预测因素。