Children in Flint, Michigan, have experienced myriad sociodemographic adversities exacerbated by the Flint water crisis. To help inform child-focused prevention and intervention efforts, we aimed to describe patterns of neurodevelopmental outcomes among preschoolers who experienced the Flint water crisis before age 2 years. Participants were 170 preschoolers who completed a comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessment battery, including directly administered measures of cognitive and executive functioning and maternal-report of adaptive skills and behavioral problems. We used latent profile analysis to derive subgroups. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression was conducted to examine the predictors of profile memberships, including child sex and maternal/family-level factors selected from an array of measured exposures using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. Three latent profiles were identified: Profile 1—relative weakness in all domains (50%); Profile 2—normative functioning in all domains (34.1%); and Profile 3—relative strengths in executive function and behavior (15.9%). Profile 1 showed lower scores across cognitive and behavioral domains. Profile 2 demonstrated abilities within the normal range across domains. Profile 3 showed relative strength in executive functioning with few behavior problems, despite lower cognitive performance. Children across all profiles showed adaptive behavior in the adequate range. Child sex and maternal IQ were significant predictors of profile membership. Children in Flint demonstrated diverse patterns of development in the face of sociodemographic and environmental adversities. Comprehensive screening and neurodevelopmental profiling of children in this at-risk population are needed to identify areas of needs and inform appropriate service delivery.

中文翻译：

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密歇根州弗林特学龄前儿童的神经发育概况：潜在概况分析

密歇根州弗林特的儿童经历了无数的社会人口逆境，弗林特水危机加剧了这种逆境。为了帮助为以儿童为中心的预防和干预工作提供信息，我们旨在描述 2 岁之前经历过弗林特水危机的学龄前儿童的神经发育结果模式。参与者是 170 名学龄前儿童，他们完成了一套全面的神经发育评估，包括直接管理的认知和执行功能测量以及适应技能和行为问题的母亲报告。我们使用潜在概况分析来派生子组。进行多变量多项逻辑回归来检查档案成员资格的预测因素，包括使用最小绝对收缩和选择算子回归从一系列测量的暴露中选择的儿童性别和母亲/家庭因素。确定了三个潜在特征： 特征 1——所有领域的相对弱点（50%）；概况 2——所有领域的规范运作（34.1%）；概况 3——执行功能和行为的相对优势（15.9%）。配置文件 1 显示认知和行为领域的得分较低。配置文件 2 展示了跨领域正常范围内的能力。尽管认知表现较低，但概况 3 显示执行功能相对较强，几乎没有行为问题。所有情况下的儿童都表现出适当范围内的适应性行为。儿童性别和母亲智商是个人资料成员资格的重要预测因素。面对社会人口和环境逆境，弗林特的儿童表现出了不同的发展模式。需要对这一高危人群中的儿童进行全面筛查和神经发育分析，以确定需求领域并为适当的服务提供提供信息。