The dobsonfly genus Neoneuromus van der Weele, 1909 represents one of the megalopteran lineages with large body-size, and comprises 13 species all endemic to the Oriental region. In the present study, the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of 12 species of this genus were determined and analyzed for the first time. The mitogenome of the genus-type, Neoneuromus fenestralis (McLachlan, 1869), as a representative of these congeneric species, is herein described in detail. All of the mitogenomes of Neoneuromus are composed of 37 encoded genes and a control region. The evolutionary rates of the protein coding genes (PCGs) of the 13 species of Neoneuromus as well as different genera of Corydalinae are estimated. All the transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) have the typical clover-leaf secondary structure except trnS1 (AGN). Interspecific relationships within Neoneuromus were reconstructed based on different datasets generated from mitogenomic sequences. Our results indicate that tRNA and ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) of Neoneuromus species contribute phylogenetic signal when being concatenated with the PCGs, thus should be kept during phylogenetic analysis. The results sheds light on understanding the evolution of these aquatic and predatory insects.

Dobsonfly 属Neoneuromus van der Weele，1909 年代表体型较大的巨翅目谱系之一，包括 13 个东方地区特有的物种。本研究首次确定并分析了该属12个物种的线粒体基因组（mitogenomes）。在此详细描述了作为这些同类物种代表的属型Neoneuromus fenestralis (McLachlan, 1869) 的有丝分裂基因组。Neoneuromus 的所有有丝分裂基因组由 37 个编码基因和一个控制区组成。Neoneuromus 13种蛋白质编码基因（PCGs）的进化率并且估计了 Corydalinae 的不同属。除trnS1 (AGN)外，所有转移 RNA 基因 (tRNA) 都具有典型的三叶草二级结构。Neoneuromus内的种间关系是基于从线粒体基因组序列生成的不同数据集重建的。我们的结果表明，Neoneuromus物种的tRNA 和核糖体 RNA 基因 (rRNAs) 在与PCG连接时会产生系统发育信号，因此在系统发育分析期间应予以保留。结果揭示了了解这些水生和捕食性昆虫的进化。