Crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic are known to exacerbate depression and anxiety, though their temporal trajectories remain under-investigated. The present study aims to investigate fluctuations in depression and anxiety using the COVID-19 pandemic as a model crisis. A total of 1512 adults living in the United States enrolled in this online study beginning April 2, 2020 and were assessed weekly for 10 weeks (until June 4, 2020). We measured depression and anxiety using the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (state subscale), respectively, along with demographic and COVID-related surveys. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine factors contributing to longitudinal changes in depression and anxiety. We found that depression and anxiety levels were high in early April, but declined over time. Being female, younger age, lower-income, and previous psychiatric diagnosis correlated with higher overall levels of anxiety and depression; being married additionally correlated with lower overall levels of depression, but not anxiety. Importantly, worsening of COVID-related economic impact and increase in projected pandemic duration exacerbated both depression and anxiety over time. Finally, increasing levels of informedness correlated with decreasing levels of depression, while increased COVID-19 severity (i.e., 7-day change in cases) and social media use were positively associated with anxiety over time. These findings not only provide evidence for overall emotional adaptation during the initial weeks of the pandemic, but also provide insight into overlapping, yet distinct, factors contributing to depression and anxiety throughout the first wave of the pandemic.

众所周知，诸如 COVID-19 大流行之类的危机会加剧抑郁和焦虑，但它们的时间轨迹仍未得到充分研究。本研究旨在使用 COVID-19 大流行作为模型危机来调查抑郁和焦虑的波动。从 2020 年 4 月 2 日开始，共有 1512 名居住在美国的成年人参加了这项在线研究，并在 10 周内每周接受评估（直到 2020 年 6 月 4 日）。我们分别使用 Zung 自评抑郁量表和状态-特质焦虑量表（状态分量表）以及人口统计学和 COVID 相关调查来测量抑郁和焦虑。线性混合效应模型用于检查导致抑郁和焦虑纵向变化的因素。我们发现 4 月初的抑郁和焦虑水平很高，但随着时间的推移而下降。身为女性，年龄较小、收入较低和以前的精神病诊断与较高的整体焦虑和抑郁水平相关；结婚还与较低的整体抑郁水平相关，但与焦虑无关。重要的是，与 COVID 相关的经济影响的恶化和预计的大流行持续时间的增加随着时间的推移加剧了抑郁和焦虑。最后，知情程度的提高与抑郁程度的降低相关，而 COVID-19 严重程度的增加（即病例数在 7 天内发生变化）和社交媒体的使用随着时间的推移与焦虑呈正相关。这些发现不仅为大流行最初几周的整体情绪适应提供了证据，而且还提供了对重叠但不同的见解，