Background Exposure of Apis mellifera to neonicotinoid insecticides is one of the factors attributed to the recent decline in A. mellifera populations resulting in economic and ecological losses due to loss of pollination services. Honeybees can get exposed to neonicotinoids like imidacloprid directly in the field at the time of application as well as during consumption of pollen and nectar from treated plants. In addition, some metabolites of imidacloprid are more toxic than the parent compound. So, the fate of imidacloprid and its metabolites in commodities to which honeybees get exposed needs to be overhauled. Objective To validate QuEChERS method for estimation of imidacloprid and its metabolites in cotton flower, pollen, nectariferous tissue, and honey using HPLC. Methods The QuEChERS method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, LOD, LOQ, matrix match, accuracy, and precision. The estimation of residues was done by HPLC. Results Recoveries of imidacloprid and its metabolites for cotton flowers, nectariferous tissue, pollen and honey samples were in the range of 80.42–99. 83%. LOQ for imidacloprid and its metabolites was 0.01 µg/g. Acceptable precision (RSD < 20%) was obtained. Conclusion The method allows simple and fast extraction of imidacloprid and its metabolites from cotton flower, pollen, nectariferous tissue, and honey. Highlights An accurate, simple, and sensitive analytical method was validated for imidacloprid and its metabolites. The method was validated according to the SANTE/12682/2019 guidelines.

中文翻译：

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QuEChERS 方法在棉花、花粉、蜜腺组织和蜂蜜中测定吡虫啉及其代谢物的验证

背景 将蜜蜂暴露于新烟碱类杀虫剂是导致蜜蜂种群最近因授粉服务丧失而导致经济和生态损失的因素之一。蜜蜂在施用时以及在食用处理过的植物的花粉和花蜜期间会直接在田间接触吡虫啉等新烟碱类物质。此外，吡虫啉的一些代谢物比母体化合物毒性更大。因此，需要彻底改变蜜蜂接触商品中吡虫啉及其代谢物的命运。目的 验证 QuEChERS 方法在 HPLC 测定棉花、花粉、蜜腺组织和蜂蜜中吡虫啉及其代谢物的价值。方法 QuEChERS 方法在选择性、线性、LOD、LOQ、矩阵匹配、准确度和精密度。残留物的估计是通过 HPLC 进行的。结果吡虫啉及其代谢物对棉花、蜜腺组织、花粉和蜂蜜样品的回收率在80.42~99之间。83%。吡虫啉及其代谢物的 LOQ 为 0.01 µg/g。获得了可接受的精密度 (RSD ＜ 20%)。结论 该方法可以简单、快速地从棉花、花粉、蜜腺组织和蜂蜜中提取吡虫啉及其代谢物。亮点 对吡虫啉及其代谢物的准确、简单、灵敏的分析方法进行了验证。该方法根据 SANTE/12682/2019 指南进行了验证。结果吡虫啉及其代谢物对棉花、蜜腺组织、花粉和蜂蜜样品的回收率在80.42~99之间。83%。吡虫啉及其代谢物的 LOQ 为 0.01 µg/g。获得了可接受的精密度 (RSD ＜ 20%)。结论 该方法可以简单、快速地从棉花、花粉、蜜腺组织和蜂蜜中提取吡虫啉及其代谢物。亮点 对吡虫啉及其代谢物的准确、简单、灵敏的分析方法进行了验证。该方法根据 SANTE/12682/2019 指南进行了验证。结果吡虫啉及其代谢物对棉花、蜜腺组织、花粉和蜂蜜样品的回收率在80.42~99之间。83%。吡虫啉及其代谢物的 LOQ 为 0.01 µg/g。获得了可接受的精密度 (RSD ＜ 20%)。结论 该方法可以简单、快速地从棉花、花粉、蜜腺组织和蜂蜜中提取吡虫啉及其代谢物。亮点 对吡虫啉及其代谢物的准确、简单、灵敏的分析方法进行了验证。该方法根据 SANTE/12682/2019 指南进行了验证。结论 该方法可以简单、快速地从棉花、花粉、蜜腺组织和蜂蜜中提取吡虫啉及其代谢物。亮点 对吡虫啉及其代谢物的准确、简单、灵敏的分析方法进行了验证。该方法根据 SANTE/12682/2019 指南进行了验证。结论 该方法可以简单、快速地从棉花、花粉、蜜腺组织和蜂蜜中提取吡虫啉及其代谢物。亮点 对吡虫啉及其代谢物的准确、简单、灵敏的分析方法进行了验证。该方法根据 SANTE/12682/2019 指南进行了验证。