ABSTRACT

There is a contradiction in international patterns: freedom of association seems, if anything, to have been enhanced, yet union rights appear to have been under increasing threat. The existence of full freedom of association rights is normal in developed countries. The imposition of major restrictions on freedom of association is typically associated with military coups, juntas, martial law or dictatorships. As countries become more economically developed and more democratic, rights to freedom of association are generally enhanced if they are not already ubiquitous. Yet union rights and union density are in decline. This pattern seems to be part of the contradiction of the move to greater marketisation, relating to a separation of industrial relations issues from human rights.

摘要

国际格局存在矛盾：结社自由似乎得到了加强，但工会权利似乎受到越来越大的威胁。充分的结社自由权利在发达国家是正常的。对结社自由的重大限制通常与军事政变、军政府、戒严或独裁有关。随着国家变得更加经济发达和更加民主，结社自由的权利如果还没有普遍存在的话，通常会得到加强。然而，工会权利和工会密度正在下降。这种模式似乎是向更大程度的市场化转变的矛盾的一部分，与劳资关系问题与人权的分离有关。