More than five decades have been invested in understanding glucose biosensors. Yet, this immensely versatile field has continued to gain attention from the scientific world to better understand and diagnose diabetes. However, such extensive work done to improve glucose sensing devices has still not yielded desirable results. Drawbacks like the necessity of the invasive finger-pricking step and the lack of optimization of diagnostic interventions still need to be considered to improve the testing process of diabetic patients. To upgrade the glucose-sensing devices and reduce the number of intermediary steps during glucose measurement, fourth-generation glucose sensors (FGGS) have been introduced. These sensors, made using robust electrocatalytic copper nanostructures, improve diagnostic efficiency and cost-effectiveness. This review aims to present the essential scientific progress in copper nanostructure-based FGGS in the past 10 years (2010 to present). After a short introduction, we presented the working principles of these sensors. We then highlighted the importance of copper nanostructures as advanced electrode materials to develop reliable real-time FGGS. Finally, we cover the advantages, shortcomings, and prospects for developing highly sensitive, stable, and specific FGGS.

中文翻译：

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由铜纳米结构组成的第四代葡萄糖传感器用于糖尿病管理：严格审查


五十多年来，人们一直致力于了解葡萄糖生物传感器。然而，这个用途极其广泛的领域继续受到科学界的关注，以更好地理解和诊断糖尿病。然而，为改进葡萄糖传感装置所做的如此广泛的工作仍然没有产生理想的结果。为了改善糖尿病患者的检测过程，仍然需要考虑诸如侵入性手指刺血步骤的必要性和缺乏诊断干预措施优化等缺点。为了升级葡萄糖传感设备并减少葡萄糖测量过程中的中间步骤数量，推出了第四代葡萄糖传感器（FGGS）。这些传感器采用坚固的电催化铜纳米结构制成，可提高诊断效率和成本效益。本综述旨在介绍过去 10 年（2010 年至今）基于铜纳米结构的 FGGS 的重要科学进展。经过简短的介绍，我们介绍了这些传感器的工作原理。然后，我们强调了铜纳米结构作为先进电极材料对于开发可靠的实时 FGGS 的重要性。最后，我们讨论了开发高灵敏度、稳定和特异性 FGGS 的优点、缺点和前景。