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Viperin has species-specific roles in response to herpes simplex virus infection
Journal of General Virology ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-18 , DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001638
Yeu-Yang Tseng 1 , Anjali Gowripalan 1 , Sarah N. Croft 1 , Stewart A. Smith 1 , Karla J. Helbig 2 , Si Ming Man 1 , David C. Tscharke 1
Affiliation  

Viperin is a gene with a broad spectrum of antiviral functions and various mechanisms of action. The role of viperin in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is unclear, with conflicting data in the literature that is derived from a single human cell type. We have addressed this gap by investigating viperin during HSV-1 infection in several cell types, spanning species and including immortalized, non-immortalized and primary cells. We demonstrate that viperin upregulation by HSV-1 infection is cell-type-specific, with mouse cells typically showing greater increases compared with those of human origin. Further, overexpression and knockout of mouse, but not human viperin significantly impedes and increases HSV-1 replication, respectively. In primary mouse fibroblasts, viperin upregulation by infection requires viral gene transcription and occurs in a predominantly IFN-independent manner. Further we identify the N-terminal domain of viperin as being required for the anti-HSV-1 activity. Interestingly, this is the region of viperin that differs most between mouse and human, which may explain the apparent species-specific activity against HSV-1. Finally, we show that HSV-1 virion host shutoff (vhs) protein is a key viral factor that antagonises viperin in mouse cells. We conclude that viperin can be upregulated by HSV-1 in mouse and human cells, and that mouse viperin has anti-HSV-1 activity.

中文翻译:

Viperin 对单纯疱疹病毒感染具有物种特异性作用

Viperin 是一种具有广谱抗病毒功能和多种作用机制的基因。毒蛇素在 1 型单纯疱疹病毒 (HSV-1) 感染中的作用尚不清楚,文献中来自单一人类细胞类型的数据相互矛盾。我们通过研究 HSV-1 感染期间几种细胞类型、跨物种以及包括永生化、非永生化和原代细胞的 viperin 来解决这一差距。我们证明 HSV-1 感染引起的 viperin 上调是细胞类型特异性的,与人类细胞相比,小鼠细胞通常表现出更大的增加。此外,过表达和敲除小鼠,而不是人类 viperin,分别显着阻碍和增加 HSV-1 复制。在原代小鼠成纤维细胞中,感染引起的 viperin 上调需要病毒基因转录,并​​且主要以 IFN 非依赖性方式发生。此外,我们将 viperin 的 N 端结构域确定为抗 HSV-1 活性所必需的。有趣的是,这是小鼠和人类之间差异最大的 viperin 区域,这可能解释了针对 HSV-1 的明显物种特异性活性。最后,我们表明 HSV-1 病毒体宿主关闭 (vhs) 蛋白是在小鼠细胞中拮抗 viperin 的关键病毒因子。我们得出结论,小鼠和人类细胞中的 viperin 可以被 HSV-1 上调,并且小鼠 viperin 具有抗 HSV-1 活性。这是小鼠和人类之间差异最大的 viperin 区域,这可能解释了针对 HSV-1 的明显物种特异性活性。最后,我们表明 HSV-1 病毒体宿主关闭 (vhs) 蛋白是在小鼠细胞中拮抗 viperin 的关键病毒因子。我们得出结论,小鼠和人类细胞中的 viperin 可以被 HSV-1 上调,并且小鼠 viperin 具有抗 HSV-1 活性。这是小鼠和人类之间差异最大的 viperin 区域,这可能解释了针对 HSV-1 的明显物种特异性活性。最后,我们表明 HSV-1 病毒体宿主关闭 (vhs) 蛋白是在小鼠细胞中拮抗 viperin 的关键病毒因子。我们得出结论,小鼠和人类细胞中的 viperin 可以被 HSV-1 上调,并且小鼠 viperin 具有抗 HSV-1 活性。
更新日期:2021-08-19
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