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Underlying Mechanisms of Allopurinol in Eliminating Renal Toxicity Induced by Melamine–Uric Acid Complex Formation: A Computational Study
Chemical Research in Toxicology ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-19 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00145
Krishna Gopal Chattaraj 1 , Sandip Paul 1
Affiliation  

Using molecular dynamics, we address uric acid (UA) replacement by a model small-molecule inhibitor, allopurinol (AP), from its aggregated cluster in a columnar fashion. Experimentally it has been affirmed that AP is efficient in preventing UA-mediated renal stone formation. However, no study has presented the underlying mechanisms yet. Hence, a theoretical approach is presented for mapping the AP, which binds to melamine (MM) and UA clusters. In AP’s presence, the higher-order cluster of UA molecules turns into a lower-order cluster, which “drags” fewer MM to them. Consequently, the MM-UA composite structure gets reduced. It is worth noting that UA-AP and AP-MM hydrogen-bonding interactions often play an essential role in reducing the UA-MM cluster size. Interestingly, an AP around UA makes a pillar-like structure, confirmed by defining the point-plane distribution function. The decomposition of the preferential interaction by Kirkwood–Buff integral into different angles like 0°–30°, 30°–60°, and 60°–90° firmly establishes the phenomenon mentioned above. However, the structural order for such π-stacking interactions between AP and UA molecules is not hierarchical but rather more spontaneous. The driving force behind UA-AP-MM composite formation is the favorable complexation energy that can be inferred by computing pairwise binding free energies for all possible combinations. Performing enhanced sampling and quantum calculations further confirms the evidence for UA degradation.

中文翻译:

别嘌呤醇消除三聚氰胺-尿酸复合物引起的肾毒性的潜在机制:一项计算研究

使用分子动力学,我们解决了用模型小分子抑制剂别嘌呤醇 (AP) 以柱状方式从其聚集簇中替代尿酸 (UA)。实验证实,AP 可有效预防 UA 介导的肾结石形成。然而,还没有研究提出潜在的机制。因此,提出了一种映射 AP 的理论方法,该方法与三聚氰胺 (MM) 和 UA 簇结合。在AP的存在下,UA分子的高阶簇变成低阶簇,这将更少的MM“拖”到它们。因此,MM-UA 复合结构得到减少。值得注意的是,UA-AP 和 AP-MM 氢键相互作用通常在减小 UA-MM 簇大小方面起着至关重要的作用。有趣的是,围绕 UA 的 AP 构成了柱状结构,通过定义点平面分布函数来确认。Kirkwood-Buff 积分将优先相互作用分解为 0°–30°、30°–60° 和 60°–90° 等不同角度,牢固地建立了上述现象。然而,AP 和 UA 分子之间这种 π 堆积相互作用的结构顺序不是分层的,而是更自发的。UA-AP-MM 复合材料形成背后的驱动力是有利的络合能,可以通过计算所有可能组合的成对结合自由能来推断。执行增强采样和量子计算进一步证实了 UA 降解的证据。而 60°–90° 则牢固地确立了上述现象。然而,AP 和 UA 分子之间这种 π 堆积相互作用的结构顺序不是分层的,而是更自发的。UA-AP-MM 复合材料形成背后的驱动力是有利的络合能,可以通过计算所有可能组合的成对结合自由能来推断。执行增强采样和量子计算进一步证实了 UA 降解的证据。而 60°–90° 则牢固地确立了上述现象。然而,AP 和 UA 分子之间这种 π 堆积相互作用的结构顺序不是分层的,而是更自发的。UA-AP-MM 复合材料形成背后的驱动力是有利的络合能,可以通过计算所有可能组合的成对结合自由能来推断。执行增强采样和量子计算进一步证实了 UA 降解的证据。
更新日期:2021-09-20
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