This review describes a program that we have conducted for more than 20 years, first at the University of South Florida and then at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, to systematically measure stability constants for solution complexes of yttrium and all rare earth elements (YREE), except Pm, at the ionic strength of seawater (I ~ 0.7). This effort informs our goal of better characterizing and understanding YREE speciation in the marine environment, in the presence of both inorganic and organic ligands (and sorbents). Since all YREE appear to show similar behavior as a function of ionic strength, patterns of stability constants for individual ligands have been extrapolated to I = 0 whenever sufficient data for at least one member of the series are available. Complexes with hydroxide, fluoride and chloride, carbonate, and sulfate, are treated in detail, being the most prominent inorganic YREE ligands. A natural siderophore (DFOB) and synthetic polyaminopolycarboxylic acids (NTA, EDTA, DTPA) are given as examples of strong organic YREE complexation which, while remaining poorly quantified, is thought to be important. Several YREE ligands that play a negligible role in seawater, or for which data are as yet scarce, are also briefly discussed. Many different and sometimes novel analytical approaches were used in our experiments and these are summarized in the introductory sections, along with a primer on the theory of chemical speciation. This paper is intended as a retrospective of our work, not as a critical review of all available data. Literature values are thus cited primarily for comparison with our results, to support specific arguments, or to highlight prior discrepancies that prompted our own studies.

这篇综述描述了我们已经进行了 20 多年的一个项目，首先在南佛罗里达大学，然后在马里兰大学环境科学中心，系统地测量钇和所有稀土元素的溶液复合物的稳定性常数。 YREE)，除了 Pm，在海水的离子强度下 (I ~ 0.7)。在无机和有机配体（和吸附剂）存在的情况下，这项工作有助于我们更好地表征和理解海洋环境中的 YREE 物种形成。由于所有 YREE 似乎都显示出作为离子强度函数的相似行为，因此已将单个配体的稳定性常数模式外推到I = 0 只要有足够的数据用于该系列中的至少一个成员。对氢氧化物、氟化物和氯化物、碳酸盐和硫酸盐的配合物进行了详细处理，它们是最突出的无机 YREE 配体。天然铁载体 (DFOB) 和合成聚氨基聚羧酸 (NTA、EDTA、DTPA) 作为强有机 YREE 络合的例子给出，虽然其量化不充分，但被认为很重要。还简要讨论了几种在海水中作用微不足道或数据尚缺乏的 YREE 配体。我们的实验中使用了许多不同的有时是新颖的分析方法，这些方法在介绍部分以及化学物种形成理论的入门部分中进行了总结。本文旨在回顾我们的工作，不是对所有可用数据的批判性审查。因此，引用文献值主要是为了与我们的结果进行比较，以支持特定论点，或突出导致我们自己研究的先前差异。