Launched in 1966 by the British Society for Immunology, Clinical & Experimental Immunology (CEI) is this year celebrating its 55^th birthday. During this period, the journal has continued to thrive throughout changes in Editors-in-Chief and editorial teams, the immunological landscape, and the publishing industry, and continues to contribute to its field at the highest level. In this editorial, we look back at some of the standout events of the last five and a half decades.

CEI was originally launched under the editorship of Professor W J Irvine and published by Blackwell Scientific Publications, with the aim “to encourage greater integration between clinical observation and fundamental laboratory research". The first issue was published in January 1966, featuring nine articles including one by Jacques Miller and colleagues on the regeneration of thymus grafts [1], concluding that “the thymus plays an essential role in inducing the differentiation of immunologically competent cells from non-competent precursors and that this function is dependent on the integrity of the thymus epithelial-reticular cells.” Another one was on in vitro stimulation of human tonsillar lymphocytes by Kurt Hischhorn and colleagues [2]. Thousands of articles have been published since, with the journal reaching Volume 205 in 2021. This quantity of content has gone hand-in-hand with quality of content. Our impact has steadily grown, and we have stayed competitive over the decades. To further our development and represent the breadth of translational immunology, in 2019 we restructured our Editorial Board into dedicated Sections – autoimmunity, cancer immunity, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, immunodeficiency, infectious diseases and vaccines, and neuroimmunology – handled by leading experts from around the world. The Sections allow for a more effective review process, contributing in part to our highest ever Impact Factor of 4.330, received in 2020, ranking us 78 out of 162 global immunology journals. Whilst we are aware that the impact factor has certain limitations, we take this as one measure of the high-quality work submitted by our authors, alongside our ever-increasing readership and Altmetric scores. Over the past year, we have seen our highest ever number of downloads, with nearly 950,000 downloads in the past 12 months, and over 9,000 Altmetric mentions from across the world, allowing us to see in real-time the impact and relevance of our papers to the community.

CEI has published impactful articles throughout its 55-year history, many of which reflect major research areas of focus of decades past. Amongst the first issues, Deborah Doniach et al. (1966) explored the presence of anti-mitochondrial ‘M’ autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis and other hepatopathies [3]. In the 70s, in a series of three articles, David Bradley and colleagues provided novel insight into the genetic regulation of susceptibility to intracellular infection with leishmania using different inbred mouse strains [4-6]. In the 80s, Marc Feldmann and Ravinder Maini and colleagues reported on the gene and protein expression of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in synovial cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis [7]. The 90s saw one of CEI’s most cited publications, in which Dieleman et al. (1998) reported that both Th1 and Th2 cytokines are increased in dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis [8]. After the turn of the millennium, English et al. (2009) elucidated mechanisms involved in the induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells by allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells [9], whilst in the last decade Guo et al. (2018) described how targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome might be a novel therapeutic strategy for RA [10].

We are proud to have been able to publish similarly important contributions during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. With the other BSI-affiliated journals, Immunology and Immunotherapy Advances, CEI has published several papers to assist in the global response [11]. All related literature in CEI at the time was also collated in our COVID-19 Special Issue [12]. Among these articles were Hou et al. (2020), identifying molecular biomarkers potentially useful in predicting severity of infection [13]. Baker et al. (2020) reviewed the crossover between vaccination against the virus and therapies for autoimmune diseases [14], while Tregoning et al. (2020) extensively reviewed the current vaccine landscape that could be employed to combat COVID-19 [15]. We continue to receive and publish articles aiding in the understanding of and response to the pandemic.

One of our most well-received features has been our review series [16]. Examples include ‘Ageing and the immune system, effects of immunosenescence and clinical implications’ (2017), co-edited by Birgit Weinberger and the current President of the BSI, Professor Arne Akbar, and exploring the impacts of age on the functionality of the immune system [17]. In ‘Interactions of the Microbiota with the Mucosal Immune System’ (2020), published jointly with CEI’s sibling journal, Immunology, Vuk Cerovic and Calum Bain and Series contributors examined current understanding of the roles of microorganisms in human mucosal immunology [18]. We are equally proud of our series released in collaboration with FOCIS, ‘Immune Checkpoints Inhibition: From Molecules to Clinical Application’ (2020), in which the current Editor-in-Chief, Leonie Taams, also an author in the series, and Section Editor for Cancer Immunity, Tanja de Gruijl, invited a series of reviews exploring the molecular and clinical understanding surrounding checkpoint inhibitors [19].

A prominent external influence for CEI is that of the academic publishing industry in general. Over the last decade, publishing has moved increasingly online, bolstered by a global drive towards open science. From receiving submissions in its founding years via post, CEI has moved with this trend, receiving all manuscripts submitted via our online system, and published in online and print forms. Business models have also changed. CEI is now a hybrid journal, and we are pleased that we currently publish around a quarter of our yearly content as Open Access. In 2020, our data policy evolved from recommending that authors make their data available in a public repository, to expecting authors to engage in this policy where possible, allowing easier reproducibility and verification. We also shifted to Free Format submissions, thereby streamlining the submission process for authors. On top of this, rather than the printed promotional material that would have been produced in 1966, articles published in CEI are now promoted across the BSI’s social media platforms, and our Twitter account (@CEIjournal), with over 2,000 followers.

The continued success of CEI over such an extended period is due in part also to the organisations surrounding it. The BSI has grown and thrived in the journal’s lifetime, now with over 4,000 members around the world and contributing funding, support, and guidance to the global immunology community. The Society and its members have been at the forefront of immunological research into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and continue to work to limit the impact of this and future outbreaks.

Overall, 55 years of CEI has seen success, impact, and a lot of change. CEI has played a key role among the BSI’s family of journals, particularly through its profits which help to fund the charitable activities of the Society. As a journal, we are delighted to have reached this milestone, and give thanks again to everyone who has played their part in our journey. Special gratitude goes to our Editors-in-Chief, editorial teams, authors, and reviewers past and present. We also thank our outgoing publisher, Wiley, and our new publishing partner, Oxford University Press. We are excited for the new opportunities this transition will bring and look forward to future endeavours and successes alongside the British Society for Immunology and to serving the field of immunology worldwide.

由英国免疫学学会 ( CEI ) 于 1966 年发起，今年将庆祝其 55^岁生日。在此期间，该杂志在主编和编辑团队、免疫学领域和出版业的变化中继续蓬勃发展，并继续为其领域做出最高水平的贡献。在这篇社论中，我们回顾了过去五年半的一些杰出事件。

CEI最初由 WJ Irvine 教授主编，由 Blackwell Scientific Publications 出版，旨在“鼓励临床观察和基础实验室研究之间的更大整合”。第一期于 1966 年 1 月出版，收录了 9 篇文章，其中一篇来自 Blackwell Scientific Publications Jacques Miller 及其同事研究了胸腺移植物的再生[ 1 ]，得出的结论是“胸腺在诱导免疫活性细胞与非活性前体细胞的分化中发挥着重要作用，并且这种功能依赖于胸腺上皮细胞的完整性。网状细胞。”另一篇是 Kurt Hischhorn 及其同事关于体外刺激人类扁桃体淋巴细胞的文章 [ 2 ]，此后该杂志已发表了数千篇文章，该杂志在 2021 年达到了第 205 卷。内容的数量与质量齐头并进。我们的影响力稳步增长，几十年来我们一直保持竞争力，为了进一步发展并代表转化免疫学的广度，我们在 2019 年将编辑委员会重组为专门的部门——自身免疫、癌症免疫、免疫介导的炎症。疾病、免疫缺陷、传染病和疫苗以及神经免疫学——由来自世界各地的顶尖专家负责，这些部分可以实现更有效的审查过程，部分有助于我们在 2020 年获得有史以来最高的影响因子 4.330，排名第 78 位。在 162 种全球免疫学期刊中，虽然我们知道影响因子有一定的局限性，但我们将其作为衡量作者提交的高质量论文以及不断增加的读者群和 Altmetric 分数的一项指标。 在过去的一年里，我们的下载量达到了历史最高水平，过去 12 个月内的下载量接近 950,000 次，来自世界各地的 Altmetric 提及次数超过 9,000 次，这让我们能够实时查看论文的影响力和相关性到社区。

CEI在其 55 年的历史中发表了有影响力的文章，其中许多反映了过去几十年的重点研究领域。在第一期中，黛博拉·多尼亚克 (Deborah Doniach) 等人。 (1966) 探讨了原发性胆汁性肝硬化和其他肝病中抗线粒体“M”自身抗体的存在[ 3 ]。在 70 年代，David Bradley 及其同事在一系列三篇文章中，使用不同的近交系小鼠品系对细胞内利什曼原虫感染易感性的遗传调控提供了新颖的见解 [ 4-6 ]。 80年代，Marc Feldmann和Ravinder Maini及其同事报道了类风湿性关节炎患者滑膜细胞中肿瘤坏死因子和白介素-1的基因和蛋白表达情况[ 7 ]。 20 世纪 90 年代， CEI被引用最多的出版物之一，其中 Dieleman 等人。 (1998) 报道在葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎中 Th1 和 Th2 细胞因子均增加 [ 8 ]。世纪之交后，英格利希等人。 (2009) 阐明了同种异体人类间充质干细胞诱导 Foxp3+ 调节性 T 细胞的机制 [ 9 ]，而在过去的十年中，Guo 等人。 (2018) 描述了如何靶向 NLRP3 炎性体可能成为 RA 的一种新型治疗策略 [ 10 ]。

我们很自豪能够在 SARS-CoV-2 大流行期间发表类似的重要贡献。 CEI与其他 BSI 附属期刊《免疫学和免疫治疗进展》一起发表了多篇论文来协助全球应对[ 11 ]。当时CEI的所有相关文献也整理在我们的 COVID-19 特刊 [ 12 ] 中。这些文章包括 Hou 等人。 (2020)，确定了可能有助于预测感染严重程度的分子生物标志物[ 13 ]。贝克等人。 (2020) 回顾了病毒疫苗接种和自身免疫性疾病治疗之间的交叉[ 14 ]，而 Tregoning 等人。 (2020) 广泛回顾了当前可用于对抗 COVID-19 的疫苗情况[ 15 ]。我们继续接收和发表有助于理解和应对这一流行病的文章。

我们最受欢迎的功能之一是我们的评论系列 [ 16 ]。例子包括“衰老与免疫系统、免疫衰老的影响和临床意义”（2017 年），由 Birgit Weinberger 和 BSI 现任主席 Arne Akbar 教授共同编辑，探讨了年龄对免疫功能的影响系统[ 17 ]。在与CEI的姊妹期刊《免疫学》联合发表的《微生物群与粘膜免疫系统的相互作用》（2020 年）中，Vuk Cerovic 和 Calum Bain 及其系列撰稿人研究了目前对微生物在人类粘​​膜免疫学中的作用的理解 [ 18 ] 。我们同样为与 FOCIS 合作发布的系列文章《免疫检查点抑制：从分子到临床应用》（2020 年）感到自豪，该系列文章的现任主编 Leonie Taams 也是该系列的作者， Cancer Immunity 的编辑 Tanja de Gruijl 邀请了一系列评论，探索围绕检查点抑制剂的分子和临床理解 [ 19 ]。

CEI的一个突出的外部影响是整个学术出版业的影响。过去十年，在全球开放科学推动下，出版业越来越多地转向线上。自成立之初通过邮寄方式接收投稿以来， CEI一直顺应这一趋势，接收通过我们的在线系统提交的所有稿件，并以在线和印刷形式出版。商业模式也发生了变化。 CEI现在是一本混合期刊，我们很高兴目前每年约四分之一的内容以开放获取形式发布。 2020 年，我们的数据政策从建议作者在公共存储库中提供数据，演变为期望作者尽可能参与此政策，从而更容易重现和验证。我们还转向自由格式提交，从而简化了作者的提交流程。除此之外， CEI上发表的文章不再是 1966 年制作的印刷宣传材料，而是在 BSI 的社交媒体平台和我们的 Twitter 帐户 (@CEIjournal) 上进行推广，拥有超过 2,000 名关注者。

CEI在如此长的时期内持续取得成功，部分归功于它周围的组织。 BSI 在该杂志的一生中不断发展壮大，目前在世界各地拥有 4,000 多名会员，并为全球免疫学界提供资金、支持和指导。该协会及其成员一直处于 SARS-CoV-2 大流行免疫学研究的最前沿，并继续努力限制本次疫情和未来疫情的影响。

总体而言， CEI 55 年来取得了成功、产生了影响并发生了很多变化。 CEI在 BSI 的期刊家族中发挥着关键作用，特别是通过其利润资助该协会的慈善活动。作为一本期刊，我们很高兴能够达到这一里程碑，并再次感谢所有在我们的旅程中做出贡献的人。特别感谢我们过去和现在的主编、编辑团队、作者和审稿人。我们还要感谢即将离任的出版商 Wiley 和新的出版合作伙伴牛津大学出版社。我们对这一转变将带来的新机遇感到兴奋，并期待未来与英国免疫学会一起努力并取得成功，并为全球免疫学领域服务。