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Neurovascular dysfunction and vascular amyloid accumulation as early events in Alzheimer's disease
Metabolic Brain Disease ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-18 , DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00814-4
Ricardo Apátiga-Pérez 1, 2 , Luis O Soto-Rojas 3 , B Berenice Campa-Córdoba 1, 2 , Nabil Itzi Luna-Viramontes 1, 2 , Elvis Cuevas 4 , Ignacio Villanueva-Fierro 5 , Miguel Angel Ontiveros-Torres 6 , Marely Bravo-Muñoz 7 , Paola Flores-Rodríguez 5 , Linda Garcés-Ramirez 2 , Fidel de la Cruz 2 , José Francisco Montiel-Sosa 1 , Mar Pacheco-Herrero 8 , José Luna-Muñoz 1, 9
Affiliation  

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is clinically characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive functions and short-term memory. AD patients present two distinctive neuropathological lesions: neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), constituted of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and phosphorylated and truncated tau proteins. Aβ deposits around cerebral blood vessels (cerebral amyloid angiopathy, CAA) is a major contributor to vascular dysfunction in AD. Vascular amyloid deposits could be early events in AD due to dysfunction in the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the blood–brain barrier (BBB), deterioration of the gliovascular unit, and/or decrease of cerebral blood flow (CBF). These pathological events can lead to decreased Aβ clearance, facilitate a neuroinflammatory environment as well as synaptic dysfunction and, finally, lead to neurodegeneration. Here, we review the histopathological AD hallmarks and discuss the two-hit vascular hypothesis of AD, emphasizing the role of neurovascular dysfunction as an early factor that favors vascular Aβ aggregation and neurodegeneration. Addtionally, we emphasize that pericyte degeneration is a key and early element in AD that can trigger amyloid vascular accumulation and NVU/BBB dysfunction. Further research is required to better understand the early pathophysiological mechanisms associated with NVU alteration and CAA to generate early biomarkers and timely treatments for AD.



中文翻译:

神经血管功能障碍和血管淀粉样蛋白积累是阿尔茨海默病的早期事件

阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 的临床特征是认知功能和短期记忆的进行性丧失。AD 患者呈现两种独特的神经病理学病变:神经炎斑块和神经原纤维缠结 (NFT),由 β-淀粉样肽 (Aβ) 和磷酸化和截短的 tau 蛋白构成。脑血管周围的 Aβ 沉积物(脑淀粉样血管病,CAA)是导致 AD 血管功能障碍的主要因素。由于神经血管单元 (NVU) 和血脑屏障 (BBB) 功能障碍、胶质血管单元恶化和/或脑血流量 (CBF) 减少,血管淀粉样蛋白沉积可能是 AD 的早期事件。这些病理事件可导致 Aβ 清除率降低,促进神经炎症环境以及突触功能障碍,最后,导致神经退化。在这里,我们回顾了 AD 的组织病理学特征并讨论了 AD 的两次打击血管假说,强调了神经血管功能障碍作为有利于血管 Aβ 聚集和神经变性的早期因素的作用。此外,我们强调周细胞变性是 AD 中的一个关键和早期因素,可引发淀粉样蛋白血管积聚和 NVU/BBB 功能障碍。需要进一步研究以更好地了解与 NVU 改变和 CAA 相关的早期病理生理机制,以产生早期生物标志物和及时治疗 AD。我们强调周细胞变性是 AD 中的一个关键和早期因素,可引发淀粉样蛋白血管积聚和 NVU/BBB 功能障碍。需要进一步研究以更好地了解与 NVU 改变和 CAA 相关的早期病理生理机制,以产生早期生物标志物和及时治疗 AD。我们强调周细胞变性是 AD 中的一个关键和早期因素,可引发淀粉样蛋白血管积聚和 NVU/BBB 功能障碍。需要进一步研究以更好地了解与 NVU 改变和 CAA 相关的早期病理生理机制,以产生早期生物标志物和及时治疗 AD。

更新日期:2021-08-19
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