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A Practical, Evidence-informed Approach to Managing Stimulant-Refractory Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
CNS Drugs ( IF 7.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-17 , DOI: 10.1007/s40263-021-00848-3
Samuele Cortese 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Jeffrey H Newcorn 6 , David Coghill 7, 8, 9
Affiliation  

Stimulants (methylphenidate or amphetamines) are the recommended first-line option for the pharmacological treatment of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, some patients with ADHD will not respond optimally to stimulants. Here, we discuss strategies to manage stimulant-refractory ADHD, based on the recommendations advanced in clinical guidelines, knowledge of expert practice in the field, and our own clinical recommendations, informed by a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, PsycInfo, EMBASE + EMBASE classic, OVID Medline, and Web of Science (up to 30 March 2021). We first highlight the importance of stimulant optimization as an effective strategy to increase response. We then discuss a series of factors that should be considered before using alternative pharmacological strategies for ADHD, including poor adherence, time action properties of stimulants (and wearing-off of effects), poor tolerability (that prevents the use of higher, more effective doses), excessive focus on or confounding from presence of comorbid non-ADHD symptoms, and tolerance. Finally, we consider the role of non-stimulants and combined pharmacological approaches. While the choice of medication for ADHD is still to a large extent based on a trial-and-error process, there are reasonably accepted data and guidelines to aid in clinical decision-making. It is hoped that advances in precision psychiatry in the years ahead will further guide prescribers to tailor medication choice to the specific characteristics of the patient.



中文翻译:

管理兴奋剂难治性注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 的实用、循证方法

兴奋剂(哌醋甲酯或安非他明)是注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 患者药物治疗的推荐一线选择。然而,一些 ADHD 患者对兴奋剂的反应并不理想。在这里,我们根据临床指南中的先进建议、该领域专家实践的知识以及我们自己的临床建议,讨论管理兴奋剂难治性 ADHD 的策略,并通过在 PubMed、PsycInfo、EMBASE + EMBASE 经典中的全面文献搜索获得信息、OVID Medline 和 Web of Science(截至 2021 年 3 月 30 日)。我们首先强调兴奋剂优化作为增加反应的有效策略的重要性。然后,我们讨论了在对 ADHD 使用替代药理学策略之前应考虑的一系列因素,包括依从性差、兴奋剂的时间作用特性(以及效果的消退)、耐受性差(阻止使用更高、更有效的剂量)、过度关注或混淆非 ADHD 共存症状以及耐受性。最后,我们考虑非兴奋剂和联合药理学方法的作用。虽然 ADHD 的药物选择在很大程度上仍基于试错过程,但有合理接受的数据和指南可帮助临床决策。希望未来几年精准精神病学的进步将进一步指导开处方者根据患者的具体特征量身定制药物选择。更有效的剂量),过度关注或混淆非 ADHD 共病症状的存在,以及耐受性。最后,我们考虑非兴奋剂和联合药理学方法的作用。虽然 ADHD 的药物选择在很大程度上仍基于试错过程,但有合理接受的数据和指南可帮助临床决策。希望未来几年精准精神病学的进步将进一步指导开处方者根据患者的具体特征量身定制药物选择。更有效的剂量),过度关注或混淆非 ADHD 共病症状的存在,以及耐受性。最后,我们考虑非兴奋剂和联合药理学方法的作用。虽然 ADHD 的药物选择在很大程度上仍基于试错过程,但有合理接受的数据和指南可帮助临床决策。希望未来几年精准精神病学的进步将进一步指导开处方者根据患者的具体特征量身定制药物选择。虽然 ADHD 的药物选择在很大程度上仍基于试错过程,但有合理接受的数据和指南可帮助临床决策。希望未来几年精准精神病学的进步将进一步指导开处方者根据患者的具体特征量身定制药物选择。虽然 ADHD 的药物选择在很大程度上仍基于试错过程,但有合理接受的数据和指南可帮助临床决策。希望未来几年精准精神病学的进步将进一步指导开处方者根据患者的具体特征量身定制药物选择。

更新日期:2021-08-19
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