Infectious diseases continue to inflict a high global disease burden. The consensus is that vaccination is the most effective option against infectious diseases. Oral vaccines have unique advantages in the prevention of global pandemics due to their ease of use, high compliance, low cost, and the ability to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses. However, challenges of adapting vaccines for oral administration remain significant. Foremost among these are enzymatic and pH-dependent degradation of antigens in the stomach and intestines, the low permeability of mucus barrier, the nonspecific uptake of antigens at the intestinal mucosal site, and the immune suppression result from the elusive immune tolerance mechanisms. Innovative delivery techniques promise great potential for improving the flexibility and efficiency of oral vaccines. A better understanding of the delivery approaches and the immunological mechanisms of oral vaccine delivery systems may provide new scientific insight and tools for developing the next-generation oral vaccine. Here, an overview of the advanced technologies in the field of oral vaccination is proposed, including mucus-penetrating nanoparticle (NP), mucoadhesive delivery vehicles, targeting antigen-presenting cell (APC) nanocarriers and enhanced paracellular delivery strategies and so on. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of delivery vectors interact with mucosal barriers are discussed.

传染病继续给全球造成沉重的疾病负担。共识是疫苗接种是对抗传染病最有效的选择。口服疫苗因其使用方便、依从性高、成本低以及诱导全身和粘膜免疫反应的能力而在预防全球大流行病方面具有独特的优势。然而，使疫苗适应口服给药的挑战仍然很大。其中最重要的是胃和肠中抗原的酶促和 pH 依赖性降解、粘液屏障的低渗透性、肠粘膜部位对抗原的非特异性摄取以及难以捉摸的免疫耐受机制导致的免疫抑制。创新的递送技术为提高口服疫苗的灵活性和效率提供了巨大的潜力。更好地了解口服疫苗递送系统的递送方法和免疫机制，可为开发下一代口服疫苗提供新的科学见解和工具。本文概述了口服疫苗领域的先进技术，包括黏液穿透纳米颗粒（NP）、黏膜粘附递送载体、靶向抗原呈递细胞（APC）纳米载体和增强的细胞旁递送策略等。同时，讨论了传递载体与黏膜屏障相互作用的机制。概述了口服疫苗领域的先进技术，包括黏液穿透纳米颗粒（NP）、黏膜粘附递送载体、靶向抗原呈递细胞（APC）纳米载体和增强的细胞旁递送策略等。同时，讨论了传递载体与黏膜屏障相互作用的机制。概述了口服疫苗领域的先进技术，包括黏液穿透纳米颗粒（NP）、黏膜粘附递送载体、靶向抗原呈递细胞（APC）纳米载体和增强的细胞旁递送策略等。同时，讨论了传递载体与黏膜屏障相互作用的机制。