During the 1870s, thousands of Catholics headed for old and new European shrines in mass national pilgrimages. The rise of mass pilgrimages as political demonstrations was the result of new devotional cultures and the long-term politicization of Catholic devotions. Pilgrimages were seen by participants as acts of reparation for the secularizing legislation implemented during the European culture wars and also as a way to increase Catholicism's presence and visibility in the contested public sphere. Likewise, the capture of Rome and the Roman Question fostered displays of solidarity with the Pope, contributing to the emergence of this new mass devotional culture. Finally, the convergent aims of Legitimists/monarchists and intransigent Catholics rapidly expanded these new mass religious demonstrations. This article seeks to re-evaluate the multi-faceted European crisis of the 1870s and the meanings of mass Catholic mobilizations in Europe by analysing the rise of mass pilgrimages in Spain.

在 1870 年代，成千上万的天主教徒在大规模的全国朝圣中前往新旧欧洲圣地。大规模朝圣作为政治示威的兴起是新的奉献文化和天主教奉献长期政治化的结果。参加者认为朝圣是对欧洲文化战争期间实施的世俗化立法的补偿行为，也是提高天主教在有争议的公共领域的存在和知名度的一种方式。同样，占领罗马和罗马问题促进了与教皇的团结，促进了这种新的大众奉献文化的出现。最后，正统主义者/君主主义者和顽固的天主教徒的趋同目标迅速扩大了这些新的大规模宗教示威活动。