Rapid and unplanned urbanisation, together with climate change, are increasingly affecting the local climatic conditions of urban settlements. Spatiotemporal analysis using land use/land cover (LULC), land surface temperature (LST), and local climatic zone (LCZ) assessments have been helpful in understanding the urbanisation characteristics and morphology. Islamabad, the capital and the only planned city of Pakistan, has witnessed a consistent rise in local temperatures, increased built-up areas, and reduced vegetation cover during the past decades. This study explores the spatiotemporal dynamics of LULC, LST, and LCZ in Islamabad using satellite remote sensing data and spectral indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). The results indicate a whopping increase in a built-up area in the city (113% during 2013 and 2019). A positive correlation between LST and NDBI, whereas a negative correlation between LST and NDVI clearly indicates how urbanisation (and reduction in vegetation cover) are impacting the local temperatures. Assessment and analysis of LCZs helped to understand the variations and deviations of current LULC from the master plan. It was observed that compact low-rise urban development is the most prevalent. The outcomes of this study are expected to inform the urban planners, climatologists, and policymakers with the knowledge helpful for devising climate-resilient development policies that could reduce thermal stresses in the capital cities.

快速和无计划的城市化以及气候变化越来越多地影响城市住区的当地气候条件。使用土地利用/土地覆盖 (LULC)、地表温度 (LST) 和当地气候带 (LCZ) 评估的时空分析有助于了解城市化特征和形态。伊斯兰堡是巴基斯坦首都和唯一规划城市，在过去的几十年里，当地气温持续上升，建筑面积增加，植被覆盖减少。本研究利用卫星遥感数据和归一化差异植被指数 (NDVI) 和归一化差异累积指数 (NDBI) 等光谱指数，探讨了伊斯兰堡 LULC、LST 和 LCZ 的时空动态。结果表明，该市建成区面积大幅增加（2013 年和 2019 年为 113%）。LST 和 NDBI 之间的正相关，而 LST 和 NDVI 之间的负相关清楚地表明城市化（和植被覆盖的减少）如何影响当地温度。LCZ 的评估和分析有助于了解当前 LULC 与总体规划的变化和偏差。据观察，紧凑的低层城市发展最为普遍。预计这项研究的结果将为城市规划者、气候学家和政策制定者提供有助于制定气候弹性发展政策的知识，这些政策可以减少首府城市的热压力。而 LST 和 NDVI 之间的负相关清楚地表明城市化（和植被覆盖的减少）如何影响当地温度。LCZ 的评估和分析有助于了解当前 LULC 与总体规划的变化和偏差。据观察，紧凑的低层城市发展最为普遍。预计这项研究的结果将为城市规划者、气候学家和政策制定者提供有助于制定气候弹性发展政策的知识，这些政策可以减少首府城市的热压力。而 LST 和 NDVI 之间的负相关清楚地表明城市化（和植被覆盖的减少）如何影响当地温度。LCZ 的评估和分析有助于了解当前 LULC 与总体规划的变化和偏差。据观察，紧凑的低层城市发展最为普遍。预计这项研究的结果将为城市规划者、气候学家和政策制定者提供有助于制定气候弹性发展政策的知识，这些政策可以减少首府城市的热压力。据观察，紧凑的低层城市发展最为普遍。预计这项研究的结果将为城市规划者、气候学家和政策制定者提供有助于制定气候弹性发展政策的知识，这些政策可以减少首府城市的热压力。据观察，紧凑的低层城市发展最为普遍。预计这项研究的结果将为城市规划者、气候学家和政策制定者提供有助于制定气候弹性发展政策的知识，这些政策可以减少首府城市的热压力。