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Role of hemagglutinin esterase protein in neurological manifestation of COVID-19
Fluids and Barriers of the CNS ( IF 5.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-16 , DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00271-2
Milad Zandi 1 , Hassan Karami 1 , Saber Soltani 1
Affiliation  

Dear editor,

We read with interest an article by McQuaid et al. [1], in this article, the authors stated that “The lipid plasma membrane has structural proteins, namely the spike protein (SP), membrane protein, small membrane protein and hemagglutinin-esterase” [1]. For this claim, the authors cited a related study, but there is not any evidence on hemagglutinin-esterase gene in that cited reference [2]. However, according to the scientific evidence the genome of SARS-CoV-2 lacks the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene and it has no HE glycoprotein [3,4,5,6], thus HE has no role in neurological manifestation of COVID-19.

From the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, a great amount of efforts and research have been made to characterize the virus and the clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [7]. SARS-CoV-2 as an enveloped, positive-strand RNA virus is a member of Coronaviridae family in Nidovirales order [8]. According the genetic properties Coronaviridae family is subdivided to 4 genera including: alpha, beta, gamma and deltacoronavirus [9]. In addition, betacoronavirus genus has five subgenera: Embecovirus (lineage A), Sarbecovirus (lineage B), Merbecovirus (lineage C), Nobecovirus (lineage D) and Hibecovirus [10].

Between human coronaviruses, OC43-CoV and HKU1-CoV are considered as betacoronaviruses of linage A, however, both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are betacoronaviruses of linage B and also MERS-CoV is a member of betacoronavirus of C lineage [11].

Between coronaviruses, betacoronaviruses lineage A including: bovine-CoV, OC43-CoV, HKU1-CoV, mouse hepatitis virus(MHV), harbor HE which acts functionally like spike (S) protein [12, 13]. The gene of HE is transmitted from influenza virus C/D to betacoronavirus lineage A progenitor via horizontal gene as 9-O-Ac-SA–specific hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) [11]. The HE in betacoronaviruses lineage A does not show activity of membrane fusion unlike HEF in influenza virus C/D [11]. SARS-CoV-2 as a betacoronavirus of Sarbecovirus subgenus comprises four structural proteins spike (S), envelope (E), membrane protein (M), and nucleoprotein (N) and lacks HE [6].

In conclusion, HE gene is absent in betacoronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, thus HE has no role in neurological manifestation of COVID-19, however, some betacoronaviruses in subgenera Embecovirus have HE.

Not applicable.

COVID-19 :

Coronavirus Disease 2019

SARS-CoV :

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV

SARS-CoV-2 :

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2

MERS-CoV :

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV

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Affiliations

  1. Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Milad Zandi, Hassan Karami & Saber Soltani

Authors
  1. Milad ZandiView author publications

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  2. Hassan KaramiView author publications

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  3. Saber SoltaniView author publications

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Contributions

MZ, Design, wrote; HK and SS involved in investigation. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Milad Zandi.

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The authors declare no conflict of interests.

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Zandi, M., Karami, H. & Soltani, S. Role of hemagglutinin esterase protein in neurological manifestation of COVID-19. Fluids Barriers CNS 18, 39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-021-00271-2

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中文翻译：
血凝素酯酶蛋白在 COVID-19 神经系统表现中的作用

亲爱的编辑，

我们饶有兴趣地阅读了 McQuaid 等人的一篇文章。[1]，在这篇文章中，作者指出“脂质质膜具有结构蛋白，即刺突蛋白（SP）、膜蛋白、小膜蛋白和血凝素酯酶”[1]。对于这一说法，作者引用了一项相关研究，但该引用的参考文献中没有关于血凝素酯酶基因的任何证据 [2]。然而，根据科学证据，SARS-CoV-2的基因组缺乏血凝素酯酶（HE）基因，也没有HE糖蛋白[3,4,5,6]，因此HE在COVID的神经系统表现中没有作用-19.

自 2019 年 12 月出现 SARS-CoV-2 以来，已经进行了大量的努力和研究来表征该病毒和 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的临床过程[7]。SARS-CoV-2 作为一种有包膜的正链 RNA 病毒是Nidovirales目冠状病毒科的成员[8]。根据遗传特性，冠状病毒科被细分为 4 个属，包括：α、β、γ 和 δ冠状病毒[9]。此外，β冠状病毒属有五个亚属：Embecovirus（A系）、Sarbecovirus（B系）、Merbecovirus（C系）、Nobecovirus（D系）和Hibecovirus  [10]。

在人类冠状病毒中，OC43-CoV 和 HKU1-CoV 被认为是 A 系 β 冠状病毒，然而，SARS-CoV 和 SARS-CoV-2 都是 B 系 β 冠状病毒，MERS-CoV 也是 C 系 β 冠状病毒的成员。 11]。

在冠状病毒之间，β冠状病毒谱系 A 包括：牛冠状病毒、OC43-冠状病毒、HKU1-CoV、小鼠肝炎病毒 (MHV)、在功能上类似于刺突 (S) 蛋白的港口 HE [12, 13]。HE基因通过水平基因作为9 - O -Ac-SA-特异性血凝素酯酶融合（HEF）从流感病毒C/D传播到β冠状病毒谱系A祖细胞[11]。与流感病毒 C/D 中的 HEF 不同，β 冠状病毒谱系 A 中的 HE 不显示膜融合活性 [11]。SARS-CoV-2 作为Sarbecovirus亚属的 β 冠状病毒包含四种结构蛋白棘突(S)、包膜 (E)、膜蛋白 (M) 和核蛋白 (N)，并且缺乏 HE [6]。

总之，SARS-CoV-2、MERS-CoV和SARS-CoV等β冠状病毒中不存在HE基因，因此HE在COVID-19的神经系统表现中没有作用，但是，Embecovirus亚属中的一些β冠状病毒具有HE。

不适用。

新冠肺炎 ：

2019冠状病毒病

SARS冠状病毒：

严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒

SARS-CoV-2 ：

严重急性呼吸系统综合症-CoV-2

中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒：

中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒

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    文章 谷歌学术

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    Lang Y、Li W、Li Z、Koerhuis D、Van Den Burg AC、Rozemuller E 等。冠状病毒血凝素酯酶和刺突蛋白共同进化以实现功能平衡和最佳病毒粒子亲和力。Proc Natl Acad Sci USA。2020；117(41)：25759–70。

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    Soltani S. 人类冠状病毒 SARS-CoV-2、HKU1 和 OC43 中的血凝素酯酶基因。Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci。2020;24(12):6484–5。

    CAS PubMed 谷歌学者

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隶属关系

  1. 伊朗德黑兰德黑兰医科大学公共卫生学院病毒学系

    米拉德·赞迪、哈桑·卡拉米和佩刀·索尔塔尼

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  1. Milad Zandi查看作者出版物

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  3. Sabre Soltani查看作者出版物

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MZ，设计，写道；HK和SS参与调查。所有作者都已经阅读并赞成最终的手稿。

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Zandi, M., Karami, H. & Soltani, S. 血凝素酯酶蛋白在 COVID-19 神经系统表现中的作用。流体屏障 CNS 18, 39 (2021)。https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-021-00271-2

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  • DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-021-00271-2
更新日期：2021-08-16
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