Knowledge co-production is widely seen as a promising approach for more innovative, durable, and democratic solutions to complex energy and climate problems. Successful knowledge co-production requires the authentic participation of all actors, experts included. By authentic participation, we mean receptivity to and valuing interactions and relationships with diverse actors; sharing power; and collaboratively identifying problems, solutions, and shaping research. In this Perspective, we highlight the importance of habits of mind involving routine styles of thinking and interacting common among some expert groups that inhibit listening, taking seriously, and seeing value in diverse perspectives. We argue that such habits of mind may impair the authentic participation of technoscientific experts, whose expertise is vital but insufficient for co-producing knowledge. We support this argument through a review of empirical work conducted with U.S. bioenergy experts to identify habits of mind including assumptions experts make about human behavior and how they imagine energy transitions unfolding as posing potential barriers to their authentic participation in collaborative research. Building on these empirical insights, we suggest that future research should ask whether and how habits of mind shape experts’ willingness to engage and the quality of their interaction with others in collaborative research processes. We outline several research directions including investigating how habits of mind are learned, whether and how they transform, and how they differ across expert groups, that could advance our understanding of the potential for knowledge co-production in addressing energy and climate challenges.

知识联合生产被广泛视为一种更有前途的方法，可以为复杂的能源和气候问题提供更具创新性、持久性和民主性的解决方案。成功的知识联合制作需要包括专家在内的所有参与者的真实参与。真正的参与是指接受并重视与不同参与者的互动和关系；分享权力；并协同识别问题、解决方案和塑造研究。在这个视角中，我们强调了思维习惯的重要性，这些思维习惯涉及一些专家群体中常见的常规思维方式和互动方式，这些习惯阻碍了倾听、认真对待和从不同的角度看待价值。我们认为，这种思维习惯可能会损害技术科学专家的真实参与，其专业知识至关重要，但不足以共同产生知识。我们通过对与美国生物能源专家一起进行的实证工作进行回顾来支持这一论点，以确定思维习惯，包括专家对人类行为做出的假设，以及他们如何想象能源转型正在展开，因为它们对他们真正参与合作研究构成了潜在障碍。基于这些实证见解，我们建议未来的研究应该询问思维习惯是否以及如何影响专家在合作研究过程中参与的意愿以及他们与他人互动的质量。我们概述了几个研究方向，包括调查思维习惯是如何学习的，它们是否以及如何转变，以及它们在专家组之间有何不同，