1. The introduction of exotic species is one of the major causes for biodiversity loss in marine environments. Introduced species can change habitat complexity, impacting local communities and altering ecosystem functioning.
2. Since the 1980s, the scleractinian species Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea. tagusensis (commonly known as sun corals) have been spreading in the south-western Atlantic, posing a major threat to local biodiversity and marine ecosystems. Nowadays, these species are reported from more than 3,500 km along the Brazilian coast and on at least 21 oil and gas offshore platforms.
3. Considering the great environmental pressure resulting from sun coral invasion, this study verified the effectiveness of manual removal of Tubastraea spp. along a rocky shore in Alcatrazes Wildlife Refuge, one of the most pristine marine regions in Brazil.
4. Results indicate that removal is indeed effective as a control technique; however, as invaders have high regeneration capabilities and recruitment rates, successive management efforts are essential. In order for management to be effective against Tubastraea's year-round release of clonal larvae, results suggest invaded areas should receive at least two management actions per year.
5. Successive management efforts, in addition to the development of new techniques and prevention of new invasions should be priorities for mitigating sun coral impacts.

中文翻译：

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巴西东南部野生动物保护区的太阳珊瑚管理有效性

1. 外来物种的引入是海洋环境中生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一。引入的物种可以改变栖息地的复杂性，影响当地社区并改变生态系统功能。
2. 自 1980 年代以来，石蜡菌属物种Tubastraea coccinea和Tubastraea。tagusensis（通常称为太阳珊瑚）一直在大西洋西南部蔓延，对当地的生物多样性和海洋生态系统构成重大威胁。如今，在巴西海岸沿线 3,500 多公里和至少 21 个石油和天然气海上平台上报告了这些物种。
3. 考虑到太阳珊瑚入侵造成的巨大环境压力，本研究验证了人工去除Tubastraea spp的有效性。沿着 Alcatrazes 野生动物保护区的岩石海岸，这是巴西最原始的海洋区域之一。
4. 结果表明去除确实是一种有效的控制技术；然而，由于入侵者具有很高的再生能力和招募率，因此后续的管理工作必不可少。为了使管理对Tubastraea全年释放的克隆幼虫有效，结果表明入侵地区每年应至少接受两次管理行动。
5. 除了开发新技术和预防新的入侵之外，后续的管理努力应该是减轻太阳珊瑚影响的优先事项。