New high-sensitivity searches for neutrons converting into antineutrons and/or sterile neutrons at the HIBEAM/NNBAR experiment at the European Spallation Source,Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics

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New high-sensitivity searches for neutrons converting into antineutrons and/or sterile neutrons at the HIBEAM/NNBAR experiment at the European Spallation Source
Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-15 , DOI: 10.1088/1361-6471/abf429
A Addazi _{1,

2} , K Anderson ₃ , S Ansell ₄ , K S Babu ₅ , J L Barrow ₆ , D V Baxter _{7,

8,

9} , P M Bentley ₁₀ , Z Berezhiani _{11,

12} , R Bevilacqua ₁₀ , R Biondi ₁₁ , C Bohm ₁₃ , G Brooijmans ₁₃ , L J Broussard ₃ , J Cedercll ₁₄ , C Crawford ₁₅ , P S B Dev ₁₆ , D D DiJulio ₁₀ , A D Dolgov _{17,

18} , K Dunne ₁₃ , P Fierlinger ₁₉ , M R Fitzsimmons ₆ , A Fomin ₂₀ , M J Frost ₃ , S Gardiner ₃ , S Gardner ₁₅ , A Galindo-Uribarri ₃ , P Geltenbort ₂₁ , S Girmohanta ₂₂ , P Golubev ₁₄ , E Golubeva ₂₃ , G L Greene ₆ , T Greenshaw ₂₄ , V Gudkov ₂₅ , R Hall-Wilton ₁₀ , L Heilbronn ₆ , J Herrero-Garcia ₂₆ , A Holley ₂₇ , G Ichikawa ₂₈ , T M Ito ₂₉ , E Iverson ₃ , T Johansson ₃₀ , L Jnsson ₃₀ , Y-J Jwa ₁₃ , Y Kamyshkov ₆ , K Kanaki ₁₀ , E Kearns ₃₁ , Z Kokai ₁₀ , B Kerbikov _{32,

33,

34} , M Kitaguchi ₃₅ , T Kittelmann ₁₀ , E Klinkby ₃₆ , A Kobakhidze ₃₇ , L W Koerner ₃₈ , B Kopeliovich ₁₈ , A Kozela ₃₉ , V Kudryavtsev ₄₀ , A Kupsc ₂₉ , Y T Lee ₁₀ , M Lindroos ₁₀ , J Makkinje ₄₁ , J I Marquez ₁₀ , B Meirose _{13,

14} , T M Miller ₁₀ , D Milstead ₁₃ , R N Mohapatra ₄₂ , T Morishima ₃₄ , G Muhrer ₁₀ , H P Mumm ₄₃ , K Nagamoto ₃₄ , A Nepomuceno ₄₄ , F Nesti ₁₂ , V V Nesvizhevsky ₂₁ , T Nilsson ₄₅ , A Oskarsson ₁₄ , E Paryev ₂₃ , R W Pattie Jr ₄₆ , S Penttil ₃ , H Perrey ₁₄ , Y N Pokotilovski ₁₄ , I Potashnikovav ₃₈ , K Ramic ₁₀ , C Redding ₄₇ , J-M Richard ₄₈ , D Ries ₄₉ , E Rinaldi _{50,

51} , N Rizzi ₃₅ , N Rossi ₁₁ , A Ruggles ₄₇ , B Rybolt ₅₂ , V Santoro ₁₀ , U Sarkar ₅₃ , A Saunders ₁₀ , G Senjanovic _{54,

55} , A P Serebrov ₂₀ , H M Shimizu ₃₄ , R Shrock ₂₂ , S Silverstein ₁₃ , D Silvermyr ₁₄ , W M Snow _{7,

8,

9} , A Takibayev ₁₀ , I Tkachev ₂₃ , L Townsend ₅₆ , A Tureanu ₅₇ , L Varriano ₅₈ , A Vainshtein _{59,

60} , J de Vries _{61,

62} , R Wagner ₂₁ , R Woracek ₁₀ , Y Yamagata ₆₃ , S Yiu ₁₃ , A R Young ₆₄ , L Zanini ₁₀ , Z Zhang ₆₅ , O Zimmer ₂₁

Affiliation

Center for Theoretical Physics, College of Physics Science and Technology, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
INFN, Sezione Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
MAX IV Laboratory, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States of America
Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
Department of Physics, Indiana University, 727 E. Third St., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America
Indiana University Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter, Bloomington, IN 47408, United States of America
Indiana University Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Bloomington, IN 47408, United States of America
European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67010 Assergi AQ, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Universit di L’Aquila, 67100 Coppito AQ, Italy
Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Fysiska Institutionen, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden
Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States of America
Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America
ITEP, Bol. Cheremushkinskaya 25, Moscow 117218, Russia
Departamento de Fsica, Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara, Casilla 110-V, Valparaiso, Chile
Physics Department, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
NRC ‘Kurchatov Institute’—PNPI, Gatchina, Russia
Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042 Grenoble, France
C.N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States of America
Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
Department of Physics, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
SISSA/INFN, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
Department of Physics, Tennessee Tech University, 1 William L. Jones Dr., Cookeville, TN 38505, United States of America
High Energy Accelerator Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, United States of America
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
NRC ‘Kurchatov Institute’, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow 117218, Russia
Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow 119991, Russia
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow Region, Russia
Nagoya University, Furocho, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
DTU Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5008, United States of America
The Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakw, Poland
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111, United States of America
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
Departamento de Cincias da Natureza, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Recife, 28890-000 Rio das Ostras, RJ, Brazil
Institutionen fr Fysik, Chalmers Tekniska Hgskola, Sweden
Department of Physics and Astronomy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
Department of Nuclear Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, Universit de Lyon, CNRS-IN2P3-UCBL, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, Villeurbanne 69622, France
Institut fr Kernchemie, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitt, Mainz, Germany
RIKEN iTHEMS Program, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
Arithmer Inc., R&D Headquarters, Minato, Tokyo 106-6040, Japan
Department of Physics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
Physics Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
Arnold Sommerfeld Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt, Theresienstraze 37, 80333 Mnchen, Germany
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
FTPI and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
KITP, UCSB, Santa Barbara, United States of America
Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
RIKEN BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, NY, United States of America
RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0801, Japan
Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, United States of America
Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America

The violation of baryon number, $\mathcal{B}$ , is an essential ingredient for the preferential creation of matter over antimatter needed to account for the observed baryon asymmetry in the Universe. However, such a process has yet to be experimentally observed. The HIBEAM/NNBAR program is a proposed two-stage experiment at the European Spallation Source to search for baryon number violation. The program will include high-sensitivity searches for processes that violate baryon number by one or two units: free neutron–antineutron oscillation ( $n\to \bar{n}$ ) via mixing, neutron–antineutron oscillation via regeneration from a sterile neutron state ( $n\to \left[{n}^{\prime },{\bar{n}}^{\prime }\right]\to \bar{n}$ ), and neutron disappearance (n → n′); the effective ${\Delta}\mathcal{B}=0$ process of neutron regeneration ( $n\to \left[{n}^{\prime },{\bar{n}}^{\prime }\right]\to n$ ) is also possible. The program can be used to discover and characterize mixing in the neutron, antineutron and sterile neutron sectors. The experiment addresses topical open questions such as the origins of baryogenesis and the nature of dark matter, and is sensitive to scales of new physics substantially in excess of those available at colliders. A goal of the program is to open a discovery window to neutron conversion probabilities (sensitivities) by up to three orders of magnitude compared with previous searches. The opportunity to make such a leap in sensitivity tests should not be squandered. The experiment pulls together a diverse international team of physicists from the particle (collider and low energy) and nuclear physics communities, while also including specialists in neutronics and magnetics.

中文翻译：

在欧洲散裂源的 HIBEAM/NNBAR 实验中对转化为反中子和/或无菌中子的中子进行了新的高灵敏度搜索

重子数的违反 $\mathcal{B}$ 是物质优先于反物质产生的一个重要因素，需要解释宇宙中观察到的重子不对称性。然而，这样的过程还有待实验观察。HIBEAM/NNBAR 计划是欧洲散裂源提议的两阶段实验，用于搜索重子数违规。该方案将包括用于由一个或两个单元违反重子数处理的高灵敏度的搜索：自由中子反中子振荡（ $n\to \bar{n}$ 经由通过再生从无菌中子状态混合，中子反中子振荡（） $n\to \left[{n}^{\prime },{\bar{n}}^{\prime }\right]\to \bar{n}$ ），和中子消失（Ñ → ñ '）; ${\Delta}\mathcal{B}=0$ 中子再生的有效过程（ $n\to \left[{n}^{\prime },{\bar{n}}^{\prime }\right]\to n$ ) 也是可能的。该程序可用于发现和表征中子、反中子和无菌中子扇区中的混合。该实验解决了一些热门的开放性问题，例如重子发生的起源和暗物质的性质，并且对新物理学的尺度非常敏感，远远超过了对撞机可用的尺度。该计划的一个目标是与之前的搜索相比，将发现中子转换概率（灵敏度）的发现窗口打开最多三个数量级。不应浪费在敏感性测试中实现这种飞跃的机会。该实验汇集了来自粒子（对撞机和低能）和核物理学界的多元化国际物理学家团队，同时还包括中子学和磁学专家。

更新日期：2021-06-15

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